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    Adaptive backstepping approach for 2-DOF telescopes despite unknown wind disturbance
    (Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers Inc., 2019-07) Ünal, Ali Cem; Yılmaz, Cemal Tuğrul; Kararsız, Gökhan; Keskin, Onur; Yeşilyaprak, Cahit
    Small ground telescopes on the marked are widely used in many space observatories and scientific researches. There are three main problems in such telescopes; positioning of the focal point and the need of tuning for both different seasonal wind speeds and mass changes of the telescope arm. This study focuses on eliminating those problems for 2-DOF altazimuth configuration small telescopes. An adaptive controller is designed to create a set and forget system. The mathematical model of the telescope is derived based on RR type joint configuration. For a realistic approach, motor dynamics is considered in the mathematical model. The wind disturbance is modeled according to the Wind-Gust model which is a sum of sinusoidal with unknown amplitude, frequency and phase. The controller aims to cancel the effect of the disturbance on focal point of the telescope while positioning. The asymptotic stability is proven with the Lyapunov approach. The numerical study is illustrated to success of the proposed controller.
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    Adaptive optics for DAG telescope
    (Türk Astronomi Derneği, 2020-12-11) Keskin, Onur; Jolissaint, Laurent
    What we propose for DAG is therefore a natural guide star GLAO system, that can be turned into a highly efficient AO system. Thus the working principle and expected performance analysis will be shown. In this manner most DAG users will be able to make some use of the DAG AO. Later, it will be possible to upgrade the system by changing th algorithm and adding 1 or 2 additional DM, and even laser guide stars.
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    Advances for the 4m DAG Telescope in Flange derotator
    (SPIE, 2020-12-13) Keskin, Onur; Ünal, Ali Cem; Koç, İlker Murat; Jolissaint, Laurent; Yeşilyaprak, Cahit
    The purpose of this study is expressing advances in design stages for in flange optical field derotator system for 4 meters DAG Telescope. In-Flange Derotator KORAY (K-mirror OpticalRelAY) is designed, analysed and manufactured to meet the specifications of DAG telescope. DAG telescope, situated at Erzurum/Karakaya summit at 3150m altitude, is the first Turkish optical telescope with VIS(Visible) and IR (Infrared) observation capability. DAG, designed by Turkish engineers at FMV Isik University, is also the largest telescope (4m diameter) in Turkey and in European continent. Being one of the 2023 vision projects; the first light of DAG is expected to take place in 2021. This purpose brings some real-life challenges such as design limitations, material selection and electronic integration.
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    Agile development approach for the observatory control software of the DAG 4m telescope
    (SPIE, 2016) Güçsav, Bülent Burak; Çoker, Deniz; Yeşilyaprak, Cahit; Keskin, Onur; Zago, Lorenzo; Yerli, Sinan Kaan
    Observatory Control Software for the upcoming 4m infrared telescope of DAG (Eastern Anatolian Observatory in Turkish) is in the beginning of its lifecycle. After the process of elicitation-validation of the initial requirements, we have been focused on preparation of a rapid conceptual design not only to see the big picture of the system but also to clarify the further development methodology. The existing preliminary designs for both software (including TCS and active optics control system) and hardware shall be presented here in brief to exploit the challenges the DAG software team has been facing with. The potential benefits of an agile approach for the development will be discussed depending on the published experience of the community and on the resources available to us.
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    Auxiliary free space optical communication project to ensure continuous transfer of data for DAG the 4m telescope
    (SPIE, 2016) Keskin, Onur; Yeşilyaprak, Cahit; Yerli, Sinan Kaan
    The continuity of the amount of data that the 4m DAG (Eastern Anatolia Observatory in Turkish) telescope will produce and transfer to Ataturk University is critical not to jeopardize the science programs. Though the fiber optics and radio link infrastructures are in place, these systems are still volatile against earthquakes, and possible excavation damages. Thus the 4m DAG telescope will be equipped with a free space optical communication system to ensure the continuity of the data transfer as a backup system. In order to cope with the disturbances introduced by the atmospheric turbulence, the transceiver FSO system will be equipped with a wavefront corrector. In this paper, the Cassegrain optical design, and working principle of this system as well as expected performance analyses will be presented.
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    Coordination in building an observatory: A case study of Eastern Anatolian Observatory (DAG)
    (SPIE-Int Soc Optical Engineering, 2018) Şahmalı, Ali Erkan; Yeşilyaprak, Cahit; Keskin, Onur
    Eastern Anatolian Observatory (DAG) is designed to build on one of the summits of Palandoken Mountains in Erzurum, Turkey, at an altitude of 3,151 meters. The building is under construction since 2015 and expected to be completed in 2020. The building is designed as an integrated building, having operational departments, services, mechanical and electrical infrastructure for observations as well as cleaning and coating units, adjacent to the main observatory building. As one might expect this integration creates serious coordination problems between architect, engineers, telescope, enclosure, and cleaning & coating unit manufacturers. The construction progress of the investment is almost 20%. There are quite an amount of "lessons learned" in this period, and need to be developed by the parties, for their existing and future works. The building has so many challenges such as geological and geographical limitations, environmental and meteorological constraints, engineering and structural considerations, energy efficiency and sustainability, materials used and their performances at these limitations.
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    DAG 4m telescope: assembly, integration and testing
    (SPIE-Int Soc Optical Engineering, 2018-07-06) Pirnay, Olivier; Lousberg, Grégory P.; Gabriel, Eric; Marchiori, Gianpietro; Busatta, Andrea; Yeşilyaprak, Cahit; Keskin, Onur
    AMOS with EIE as a main subcontractor, was awarded a contract in November 2014 for the design, manufacturing and installation of a 4m-class telescope for the Turkish Eastern Anatolia Observatory (DAG) situated at 3170 m above the sea level in Palandöken mountains. The telescope is based on a Ritchey-Chretien configuration with two folded Nasmyth focal planes and a focal length of 56m. Diffraction-limited performances will be reached thanks to the combination of the active optics system and the adaptive optics system that will be implemented on one of the Nasmyth ports. The active optics system aims at controlling the shape of the primary mirror by means of 66 axial force actuators and positioning actively the secondary and tertiary mirrors by means of hexapods. More than 30 years of experience in testing instruments and telescopes, including optical testing, alignment, metrology, mechanical static and dynamic measurements, system identification, etc. allow to implement an adequate verification strategy combining component level verifications with factory and site test in the most efficient and reliable manner. As a main contractor, AMOS is in charge of the overall project management, the system engineering, the optical design and the active optics development. As a main sub-contractor and partner of AMOS, EIE is in charge of the development of the mount. The factory test therefore takes place in EIE premises. In this paper is shortly presented the overall design of the telescope with a review of the specification, the optical design and a description of the major sub-systems, including the optics. The assembly, integration et test plan is outlined. The assembly sequence and the tests of the active optics and the mount are discussed. Finally, the site integration and tests are explained. The process to assess the image quality of the telescope and the verification instrument developed for this purpose by AMOS are presented.
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    DAG 4m telescope: optics completion, on-site integration and test
    (SPIE, 2022) Pirnay, Olivier; Albart, Pierre; Bastin, Christian; De Ville, Jonathan; Gabriel, Eric; Leseur, Thibault; Lousberg, Grégory P.; Méant, Laurence; Orban, Sabrina; Tortolani, Jean-Marc; Amalfi, Manfredi; Marchiori, Gianpietro; Rampini, Francesco; Busatta, Andrea; Yeşilyaprak, Cahit; Keskin, Onur
    AMOS with EIE as main subcontractor has recently completed the erection of the 4 m telescope located at the Turkish Eastern Anatolia Observatory (DAG) set up by the Ataturk University Astrophysics Research and Application Centre (ATASAM) of Erzurum. The telescope design is based on a Ritchey-Chrétien configuration with two folded Nasmyth focal planes and a focal length of 56m. The optical train is composed of three mirrors: the primary mirror (M1) with an optical aperture of 4m, a convex secondary mirror (M2), and a large flat folding mirror (M3). Diffraction-limited performances in optical and near infrared spectral bands will be achieved thanks to the combination of active and adaptive optics systems. The active optics system is controlling the shape of the primary mirror by means of 66 axial force actuators and position actively the secondary and tertiary mirrors by means of hexapods. The adaptive optics system will be implemented at one of the two Nasmyth ports. As main contractor, AMOS is in charge of the overall project management, the system engineering, the optical design and the active optics development. As main sub-contractor and partner of AMOS, EIE is in charge of the development of the mount. Following the factory acceptance in Europe, the telescope was dismounted and delivered in early 2021. The activities onsite were carried out according to the assembly, integration and verification plan (AIV plan). In the meantime, the fabrication of the 4 m primary mirror was completed, and the full set of mirrors was forwarded on-site before the end of the year 2021. In this paper is presented a brief description of the design and performances of the telescope followed by the project progress status at the time the optics are being integrated in the telescope for the first time. This includes the review of the mirrors as-built quality and the excepted performances of the telescope mount after alignment and tuning. The path forward final acceptance is explained with the presentation of the optical alignment method and the test carried-out on-sky.
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    DAG odak düzlemi araçları - hedefler ve seçenekler
    (Türk Astronomi Derneği, 2020-12-11) Yerli, Sinan Kaan; Yeşilyaprak, Cahit; Keskin, Onur; Güver, Tolga
    DAG projesi çerçevesinde, teleskobun da tanımlanması ve optiğinin belirlenmesinden sonra Türk Astronomisinin gereksinim ve gelecek hedefleri de gözetilerek proje ekibi DAG teleskobunun iki Nasmyth odağına yerleştirilecek olası tayfölçer ve görüntüleme araçları için öngörülerde bulunmuş ve yeni bir proje teklifi vermiştir. Bu bildiride bu süreç tanıtılıp sunulan yeni proje tanıtılacaktır.
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    The DAG project and its management
    (Türk Astronomi Derneği, 2020-12-11) Zago, Lorenzo; Keskin, Onur
    The DAG Project and managerial issues related to call for tenders, determination of technical specifications both for the telescope, the dome and the observatory building will be presented.
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    The DAG Project, a 4m class telescope: The telescope main structure performance
    (SPIE, 2016) Marchiori, Gianpietro; Busatta, Andrea; Ghedin, L.; Marcuzzi, Enrico; Manfrin, Cristiana; Battistel, C.; Pirnay, Olivier; Flebus, Carlo; Yeşilyaprak, Cahit; Keskin, Onur; Yerli, Sinan Kaan
    Dogu Anatolu Gözlemevi (DAG-Eastern Anatolia Observatory) Project is a 4m class optical, near-infrared Telescope and suitable enclosure which will be located at an altitude of 3.170m in Erzurum, Turkey. The DAG telescope is a project fully funded by Turkish Ministry of Development and the Atatürk University of Astrophysics Research Telescope - ATASAM. The Project is being developed by the Belgian company AMOS (project leader), which is also the optics supplier and EIE GROUP, the Telescope Main Structure supplier and responsible for the final site integration. The design of the Telescope Main Structure fits in the EIE TBO Program which aims at developing a Dome/Telescope systemic optimization process for both performances and competitive costs based on previous project commitments like NTT, VLT, VST and ASTRI. The optical Configuration of the DAG Telescope is a Ritchey-Chretien with two Nasmyth foci and a 4m primary thin mirror controlled in shape and position by an Active Optic System. The main characteristics of the Telescope Main Structure are an Altitude-Azimuth light and rigid structure system with Direct Drive Systems for both axis, AZ Hydrostatic Bearing System and Altitude standard bearing system; both axes are equipped with Tape Encoder System. An innovative Control System characterizes the telescope performance.
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    DAG telescope site studies and infrastructure for possible international co-operations
    (SPİE-INT Soc Optical Engineering, 2016) Yerli, Sinan Kaan; Yeşilyaprak, Cahit; Keskin, Onur; Aliş, Sinan
    The selected site for the 4 m DAG (Eastern Anatolian Observatory in Turkish) telescope is at "Karakaya Ridge", at 3170 m altitude (3150 m after summit management). The telescope's optical design is performed by the DAG technical team to allow infrared observation at high angular resolution, with its adaptive optics system to be built in Turkey. In this paper; a brief introduction about DAG telescope design; planned instrumentation; the meteorological data collected from 2008, clear night counts, short-term DIMM observations; current infrastructure to hold auxiliary telescopes; auxiliary buildings to assist operations; the observatory design; and coating unit plans will be presented along with possible collaboration possibilities in terms of instrumentation and science programs.
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    DAG türbülans jeneratörü
    (Türk Astronomi Derneği, 2020-12-11) Özbaldan, Emrah Emin; Kılıçerkan Başlar, Gamze; Başlar, İsmail; Keskin, Onur; Yeşilyaprak, Cahit
    Doğu Anadolu Gözlemevi (DAG) projesi kapsamında; teleskop için gereken ve zorunlu olan Adaptif Optik (AO) sisteminin kontrol sistemlerinin geliştirilmesi, performansı ve ön testlerinin gerçekleştirileceği, atmosferik olarak yapay koşulların oluşturulup deneneceği, gerekli olan Optik Test Laboratuvarı oluşturulmasının ilk ve temel adımı, DAG Türbülans Jeneratörü ile sağlanacaktır. Optik laboratuvar için olmazsa olmaz olan ekipman tarafımızca üretilecektir. Proje kapsamında tarafımızca üretilecek bu jeneratörün temel malzemeleri noktasal kaynaklı lazer, CCD kamera, optik komponentler ve bazı elektronik kartlardır. Bu laboratuvar ve kurulacak sistem sayesinde; öncelikle DAG projesi kapsamındaki AO sisteminin ilk testlerinin yapılması planlanmaktadır.
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    DAG-SLODAR (SLOpe Detection And Ranging) Teleskobu
    (Türk Astronomi Derneği, 2020-12-11) Şatır, Onur; Yeşilyaprak, Cahit; Keskin, Onur
    Atmosferin astronomik gözlemlere olan olumsuz etkilerini alt etmek üzere geliştirilmiş ve DAG teleskobunda da kullanılacak olan Adaptif Optik (AO) sistemleri, türbülansın ayrıntılı bir şekilde karakterize edilmesine ihtiyaç duyar. SLODAR, atmosferik optik türbülansın dikey profilini, iki yakın yıldızın Shack-Hartmann dalgacephesi algılayıcısı (SH-WFC) ile yapılan dalgacephesi eğimi ölçümlerinin çapraz korelasyonundan elde eden bir yöntemdir. SLODAR sistemi, küçük çaplı (?50cm) bir teleskobun odak düzlemine yerleştirilen, iki SH-WFC barındıran SLODAR aygıtından oluşur. Paranal, La Palma, Mauna Kea ve SAAO gözlemevlerinde kurulan SLODAR teleskopları "yer katmanı (ground layer)" olarak adlandırılan ve yerleşkenin üzerindeki ilk kilometre içindeki türbülansı ölçmek amacıyla kullanılmışlardır. Bu sunumda DAG yerleşkesinde kurulmakta olan SLODAR sisteminden bahsedilecektir.
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    DAG-TGI: türbülans jeneratörü kalibrasyonu
    (Türk Astronomi Derneği, 2020-12-11) Tezcan, Cihan Tuğrul; Akbulak, Ümit Bora; Güvenir, Furkan; Aydemir, Ömer Faruk; Keskin, Onur; Yeşilyaprak, Cahit
    DAG (Doğu Anadolu Gözlemevi) 4-metre birincil ayna ile aktif (aO) ve adaptif (AO) optik sistemlerine sahiptir. DAG’ın odak düzlemi aletlerinin geliştirilmesi ve kurulması için, türbülans şartlarını canlandırabilen bir türbülans jeneratörü geliştirilmiştir. Bu çalışmada jeneratör kalibrasyonu ve karakterizasyonu sağlanmıştır. Türbülans jeneratörü temel olarak soğuk hava ile kontrol edilebilen sıcak havanın gene kontrol edilebilen rüzgar şartlarında karıştırılarak türbülans oluşturmasıdır. Bu çalışma ileride DAG’ın adaptif optik sisteminin simülastonu olacaktır.
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    DAG-TGI: Turbulence generator instrument for DAG (Eastern Anatolia Observatory)
    (SPIE-Int Soc Optical Engineering, 2018-07-18) Yeşilyaprak, Cahit; Keskin, Onur; Akbulak, Ümit Bora; Tezcan, Cihan Tuğrul; Güvenir, Furkan; Aydemir, Ömer Faruk
    DAG (East Anatolia Observatory) Telescope has 4 m mirror with active optics (a0) and adaptive optics (AO) systems. In order to evaluate DAG's focal plane instruments and their installation, calibration and laboratory performance, one must emulate the atmospheric turbulence condition on DAG site. Although atmospheric conditions of the site are gathered from various meteorological and astronomical instruments, a turbulence generator instruments (TGI) is designed and characterized to emulate the similar characteristics. The design of the TGI is based on the forcing of cold air and temperature controllable hot air at adjustable wind speeds within a confined chamber, where the atmospheric turbulence strength is altered. First results of the TGI have been presented in this article for DAG's AO system.
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    DAG: A new observatory and a prospective observing site for other potential telescopes
    (SPIE, 2016) Yeşilyaprak, Cahit; Yerli, Sinan Kaan; Keskin, Onur; Güçsav, Bülent Burak
    DAG (Eastern Anatolia Observatory is read as "Dogu Anadolu Gözlemevi" in Turkish) is the newest and largest observatory of Turkey, constructed at an altitude of 3150 m in Konakll/Erzurum provenience, with an optical and nearinfrared telescope (4 m in diameter) and its robust observing site infrastructure. This national project consists of three main phases: DAG (Telescope, Enclosure, Buildings and Infrastructures), FPI (Focal Plane Instruments and Adaptive Optics) and MCP (Mirror Coating Plant). All these three phases are supported by the Ministry of Development of Turkey and funding is awarded to Atatürk University. Telescope, enclosure and building tenders were completed in 2014, 2015 and 2016, respectively. The final design of telescope, enclosure and building and almost all main infrastructure components of DAG site have been completed; mainly: road work, geological and atmospheric surveys, electric and fiber cabling, water line, generator system, cable car to summit. This poster explains recent developments of DAG project and talks about the future possible collaborations for various telescopes which can be constructed at the site.
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    Design of a derotator for the 4 m DAG telescope
    (SPIE-Int Soc Optical Engineering, 2016-08-09) Baudet, Jeremie; Jolissaint, Laurent; Keskin, Onur; Yeşilyaprak, Cahit; Yerli, Sinan Kaan
    This paper Silt our work on the design of a field derotator for the adaptive optics instruments platform of DAG (Dogu Anadolu Cozier vi), a new 4 in telescope for astronomical observations near the city of krzurum, l'urkey. While the telescopefollows an astronomical object, its pupil sees a rotation of the object around the optical axis which depends n the telescope geographic coordinate and the object sky coordinate. This effect is called the field rotation. This rotation needs to be compensated during the astronomical object data acquisition. In this report we demonstrate the feasibility of placing the derotator (a. K-mirror design) in the telescope fork central hole and propose a preliminary design, considering flexures.
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    The design of an adaptive optics telescope: the case of DAG
    (SPIE, 2016-07-27) Jolissaint, Laurent; Keskin, Onur; Zago, Lorenzo; Yerli, Sinan Kaan; Yeşilyaprak, Cahit; Mudry, Emeric; Lousberg, Grégory P.
    In this paper, we describe in detail the optical design of DAG, a new 4 m telescope for Turkey. DAG is an "adaptive optics friendly" telescope, in a sense that each design decision is taken considering the potential impact on the AO performance (vibrations, static aberrations etc.) The objective is to make this telescope fully ready for AO at first light. It is designed as a Ritchey-Chretien combination, 56 m focal length, with Nasmyth foci only, and active optics. Its total RMS error is expected to be 45 nm up to Zernike mode 78, and 26 nm for the higher, non AO corrected modes. A final design optimization has been done by the telescope manufacturers, demonstrating that our AO-based requirements can be satisfied, without much difficulty.
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    Design of the near infrared camera DIRAC for East Anatolia Observatory
    (SPIE, 2022) Zhelem, Ross; Content, Robert; Churilov, Vladimir; Kripak, Yevgen; Waller, Lew; Case, Scott; Mali, Slavko; Muller, Rolf; Gonzalez, Mario; Adams, Dave; Binos, Nick; Chin, Timothy; Farrell, Tony; Klauser, Urs; Kondrat, Yuriy; Kunwar, Nirmala; Lawrence, Jon; Lorente, Nuria; Luo, Summer; McDonald, Erica; McGregor, Helen; Nichani, Vijay; Pai, Naveen; Vuong, Minh; Zahoor, Jahanzeb; Zheng, Jessica; Norris, Barnaby; Bryant, Julia; Vaccarella, Annino; Herrald, Nick; Gilbert, James; Yeşilyaprak, Cahit; Güçsav, Bülent; Coker, Deniz; Keskin, Onur; Jolissaint, Laurent
    The 4m DAG telescope is under construction at East Anatolia Observatory in Turkey. DIRAC, the " DAG InfraRed Adaptive optics Camera", is one of the facility instruments. This paper describes the design of the camera to meet the performance specifications. Adaptive and auxiliary optics relay the telescope F/14 input 1:1 into DIRAC. The camera has an all refractive design for the wavelength range 0.9 - 2.4 micron. Lenses reimage the telescope focal plane 33 x 33 as (9 x 9 mm) on a 1k x 1k focal plane array. With magnification of 2x, the plate scale on the detector is 33 mas/pixel. There are 4 standard filters (Y, J, H, K) and 4 narrowband continuum filters. A 12 position filter wheel allows installation of 2 extra customer filters for specific needs; the filter wheel also deploys a pupil viewer lens. Optical tolerancing is carried out to deliver the required image quality at polychromatic Strehl ratio of 90% with focus compensator. This reveals some challenges in the precision assembly of optics for cryogenic environments. We require cells capable of maintaining precision alignment and keeping lenses stress free. The goal is achieved by a combination of flexures with special bonding epoxy matching closely the CTE of the lens cells and crystalline materials. The camera design is very compact with object to image distance <220 mm and lens diameters <25 mm. A standalone cryostat is LN2 cooled for vibration free operation with the bench mounted adaptive optics module (TROIA) and coronagraph (PLACID) at the Nasmyth focus of the DAG telescope.