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Current benefits and future directions of NFC services
(IEEE, 2010) Ok, Kerem; Coşkun, Vedat; Aydın, Mehmet Nafiz; Özdenizci Köse, Büşra
Near Field Communication (NFC), as an emerging and promising technology, is an integration of Radio Frequency Identification (RFID) technology with mobile devices. NFC-enabled mobile devices can act as contactless smart cards and are also capable to read and write data from/to those cards. Research endeavours concerning NFC appear to focus mainly on development of NFC enabled services and applications. On the other hand, benefits and underlying values associated with different NFC applications' service is not yet well elaborated. In this paper we examined existing NFC applications, prototypes and studies from both academia and industry. We analyzed these applications by classifying them into NFC operating modes to surface the nature of underlying value-added services and benefits that they provide. Moreover we emphasized possible future usage scenarios together with directions and questions for future research based on the identified benefits.
Design of a key exchange protocol between SIM card and service provider
(Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers Inc., 2015-11-05) Ok, Kerem; Coşkun, Vedat; Çevikbaş, Cem; Özdenizci Köse, Büşra
Current capabilities of smart cards, Smartphones, and cellular network provoke companies to provide vast amount of services to the mobile users. Some of those services require end-to-end encryption between a Service Provider and a SIM card. Keyed SIM cards already contain the required structure for secure key generation and upload, whereas un-keyed SIM cards do not have the required capability for this. In this paper, we provide a key exchange protocol, which creates a symmetric key by the collaborative work of SIM card and the Service Provider server. After a successful protocol run, SIM card and Service Provider can perform end-to-end data encryption.
Design science in NFC research
(IEEE, 2010) Özdenizci Köse, Büşra; Aydın, Mehmet Nafiz; Coşkun, Vedat; Ok, Kerem
Near Field Communication (NFC), as one of the promising technological developments, provides means to short range contactless communication for mobile phones and other devices alike. NFC has become an attractive design science research area for many academicians due to its exploding growth. A better understanding of the current status of NFC research is necessary to identify the gap between theory and practice. In this paper, we evaluate NFC literature from a design science point of view and seven important guidelines of the design science research are employed for evaluating some of the NFC related studies which propose innovative artifacts. Design science perspective of NFC literature gives beneficial guidelines for future studies. This rigorous and holistic literature review with the objective of bringing to the state-of-art in NFC design science research provides advancement of knowledge in NFC research and further research directions.
Development of an electronics mail environment with NFC technology extension
(Işık Üniversitesi, 2010-01-12) Ok, Kerem; Coşkun, Vedat; Işık Üniversitesi, Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü, Enformasyon Teknolojileri Yüksek Lisans Programı
E-mail is one of today's widely used communication tools. Mobility, which is defined as being free from any geographical restrictions to make use of any service, is a very important requirement for the users to access e-mail data. The aim of this study is to develop a web based mail server application, and a mobile mail client application to provide an e-mail service for the users which gives the opportunity to reach their e-mails from anywhere they want. MailMoby webmail application enables users to reach their mailboxes from their browsers while they are on the Internet. On the other hand, MobileMoby, the mobile client application, enables access to mailbox using their Java-enabled smart phones. Mobile technologies are growing fast to satisfy mobility requirements; one of these rapidly growing mobile technologies is NFC (Near Field Communication). In addition to the e-mail applications development, NFC is studied, and usability of an NFC application is tested through MobileMoby.
Development of an indoor navigation system using NFC technology
(IEEE, 2011) Özdenizci Köse, Büşra; Ok, Kerem; Coşkun, Vedat; Aydın, Mehmet Nafiz
Existing indoor navigation systems face with many different technical and usability problems. In this paper we present a Near Field Communication (NFC) based indoor navigation system called NFC Internal in order to eliminate the current indoor navigation problems. NFC Internal enables an easy data transfer for indoor navigation systems just by touching tags spread over a building or a complex. The proposed system has several benefits and has potential to increase the usability of these systems. We discuss the system requirements and explain the phases of NFC Internal through use cases.
Exploring underlying values of NFC applications
(Int Assoc Computer Science & Information Technology Press-Iacsit Press, 2011-08-19) Ok, Kerem; Aydın, Mehmet Nafiz; Coşkun, Vedat; Özdenizci Köse, Büşra
Near Field Communication (NFC) is an integration of contactless smart card communication technology into mobile devices, such as mobile phones. NFC technology provides three operating modes and each mode differs from each other in terms of communication and data processing model. Each mode has distinguishable properties, advantages, and disadvantages; so that each one provides different possible business opportunities and different value-added perspectives. In this paper we survey currently available NFC applications as well as application prototypes. Afterwards, we analyzed those applications in order to find out which benefits they provide.
Near Field Communication: From theory to practice
(John Wiley and Sons, 2011-12-27) Coşkun, Vedat; Ok, Kerem; Özdenizci Köse, Büşra
This book provides the technical essentials, state-of-the-art knowledge, business ecosystem and standards of Near Field Communication (NFC)by NFC Lab - Istanbul research centre which conducts intense research on NFC technology. In this book, the authors present the contemporary research on all aspects of NFC, addressing related security aspects as well as information on various business models. In addition, the book provides comprehensive information a designer needs to design an NFC project, an analyzer needs to analyze requirements of a new NFC based system, and a programmer needs to implement an application. Furthermore, the authors introduce the technical and administrative issues related to NFC technology, standards, and global stakeholders. It also offers comprehensive information as well as use case studies for each NFC operating mode to give the usage idea behind each operating mode thoroughly. Examples of NFC application development are provided using Java technology, and security considerations are discussed in detail. Key Features: Offers a complete understanding of the NFC technology, including standards, technical essentials, operating modes, application development with Java, security and privacy, business ecosystem analysis Provides analysis, design as well as development guidance for professionals from administrative and technical perspectives Discusses methods, techniques and modelling support including UML are demonstrated with real cases Contains case studies such as payment, ticketing, social networking and remote shopping This book will be an invaluable guide for business and ecosystem analysts, project managers, mobile commerce consultants, system and application developers, mobile developers and practitioners. It will also be of interest to researchers, software engineers, computer scientists, information technology specialists including students and graduates.
NFC internal: An indoor navigation system
(MDPI AG, 2015-04) Özdenizci Köse, Büşra; Coşkun, Vedat; Ok, Kerem
Indoor navigation systems have recently become a popular research field due to the lack of GPS signals indoors. Several indoors navigation systems have already been proposed in order to eliminate deficiencies; however each of them has several technical and usability limitations. In this study, we propose NFC Internal, a Near Field Communication (NFC)-based indoor navigation system, which enables users to navigate through a building or a complex by enabling a simple location update, simply by touching NFC tags those are spread around and orient users to the destination. In this paper, we initially present the system requirements, give the design details and study the viability of NFC Internal with a prototype application and a case study. Moreover, we evaluate the performance of the system and compare it with existing indoor navigation systems. It is seen that NFC Internal has considerable advantages and significant contributions to existing indoor navigation systems in terms of security and privacy, cost, performance, robustness, complexity, user preference and commercial availability.
NFC Loyal for enhancing loyalty services through Near Field Communication
(Springer US, 2013-02) Özdenizci Köse, Büşra; Ok, Kerem; Coşkun, Vedat
Near Field Communication (NFC) as an emerging technology is currently leveraged by large standardization efforts and tries to find a suitable ecosystem. NFC enabled mobile devices with integrated smart cards introduce compelling opportunities and new business models. Development of new standards such as secure element (SE), smart card, secure channel, as well as JavaCard enables creating new ecosystems using a concurrent multi application platform which takes advantage of GlobalPlatform standards. We proposed NFC Loyal, which maintains storage, retrieval, and sharing among payment and loyalty applications through our proposed structure, called as Secure Common Domain Management (SCDM) system. SCDM as a centralized database management system on the SE stores valuable information provided by payment applications and shares them with loyalty applications through a secure channel. The direct outcome of using NFC Loyal is the increase in repeat purchases of customers; as well as being a beneficial business plan realized among the payment firms, loyalty firms, and the card owner, resulting in a win-win business model. In this study, we describe NFC Loyal model with its technical infrastructure, and present the NFC Loyal model's life cycle management on SE.
NFC loyal system on the cloud
(IEEE Computer Society, 2013) Coşkun, Vedat; Özdenizci Köse, Büşra; Ok, Kerem; Alsadi, Mohammed
FC (Near Field Communication) technology facilitates mobile phone usage of billions of people throughout the world that offers diverse services ranging from payment and loyalty applications to access keys for offices and houses. NFC technology is one promising technology that have adopted smart card as secure element (SE) to provide a secure area for the execution of multiple applications and storing sensitive data. In this paper, we developed a framework to integrate NFC loyal system onto the cloud. We adapted NFC mobiles together with their SE to the cloud (Infrastructure as a Service - IaaS) using Cloud Computing methodology.
NFC loyal: A Beneficial model to promote loyalty on smart cards of mobile devices
(IEEE, 2010) Özdenizci Köse, Büşra; Coşkun, Vedat; Aydın, Mehmet Nafiz; Ok, Kerem
Near Field Communication (NFC) as a new emerging technology currently tries to find a suitable ecosystem. Development of new standards such as secure element, secure channel, as well as Java Card enables creating new ecosystems using a concurrent multi application platform based on Global Platform. We proposed NFC Loyal, which maintains data interaction and data sharing among payment and loyalty applications through our proposed structure, called as Secure Common Domain Management System (SCDM). SCDM as a centralized database management system on the smart card stores valuable iriformation provided by payment applications and shares them with loyalty applications. The direct outcome of using NFC Loyal is the increase in repeat purchases of customers; as well as a business plan among the payment firms, loyalty firms, and the smart card owner. We fully describe the technical including security architectures and background for the SCDM, and explain the details of the proposed model.
NFC Research framework: A literature review and future research directions
(Int Business Information Management Assoc-IBIMA, 2010) Özdenizci Köse, Büşra; Aydın, Mehmet Nafiz; Coşkun, Vedat; Ok, Kerem
Near Field Communication (NFC) is one of the emerging and promising technological developments, provides means to short range contactless communication for mobile phones and other devices alike. NFC has become an attractive research area for many academics due to its exploding growth and its promising applications and related services. An understanding the current status of NFC research area is necessary to maintain the advancement of knowledge in NFC research and to identify the gap between theory and practice. In this paper, we present a literature review on NFC. To facilitate the analysis of the literature, we propose a research framework and organize the NFC literature into four major categories; theory and development, applications and services, infrastructure, ecosystem. This rigorous and holistic literature review with the objective of bringing to the state-of-art in NFC design science research provides advancement of knowledge in NFC research and further research directions.
A role-based service level NFC ecosystem model
(Springer, 2013-02) Ok, Kerem; Coşkun, Vedat; Özdenizci Köse, Büşra; Aydın, Mehmet Nafiz
Near Field Communication (NFC) is a short range wireless communication technology allowing to communicate mobile devices within close proximity. It provides opportunity for service providers to offer various value added services to customers. NFC technology allows the usage of wide range of applications and eliminates the obligation to carry additional components other than the mobile device such as credit or payment cards, tickets, identification cards or keys. Despite its technological advantages over alternative ones, the NFC business ecosystems and services are yet to take off. The problems mainly arise with the business issues triggered by different and mostly conflicting needs of many actors in the ecosystem and several additional technical issues. In this study, by adopting a role-based service ecosystem modeling, we propose an NFC ecosystem model which perfectly specifies the roles in the ecosystem, and defines set of activities for each role, and communication structure. We analyzed NFC ecosystem in three phases as pre-installation, installation, and service usage. We have defined the activities and communication structure in the first two phases, and finally investigated the service usage phase in three different operating modes of NFC. After giving the details of the proposed ecosystem model, two use cases are given to validate the developed ecosystem model. We complete our study by discussing the requirement satisfaction.
SIMSec: A key exchange protocol between SIM card and service provider
(Springer New York LLC, 2016-08-01) Ok, Kerem; Coşkun, Vedat; Yarman, Bekir Sıddık Binboğa; Çevikbaş, Cem; Özdenizci Köse, Büşra
Mobile technology is so popular and overdosed adoption is inevitable in today’s world. As the mobile technologies have advanced, Service Providers (SP) have offered services via Smartphones and some of them required secure data communication between the Subscriber Identity Module (SIM) cards on Smartphones and the servers of SP. The latest SIM cards comply with recent specifications including secure domain generation, mobile signatures, pre-installed encryption keys, and other useful security services. Nevertheless, un-keyed SIM cards do not satisfy such requirements, thus end-to-end encryption between the SIM card and SP cannot be provided. In this paper, we provide a key exchange protocol, which creates a symmetric key through the collaborative work of the SIM card and the SP server. After a successful protocol performance, the SIM card and SP can perform end-to-end data encryption. After defining the protocol, we also discuss the security issues and provide a formal security analysis of the protocol using the Casper/FDR tool.
The survey on Near Field Communication
(MDPI, 2015-06) Coşkun, Vedat; Özdenizci Köse, Büşra; Ok, Kerem
Near Field Communication (NFC) is an emerging short-range wireless communication technology that offers great and varied promise in services such as payment, ticketing, gaming, crowd sourcing, voting, navigation, and many others. NFC technology enables the integration of services from a wide range of applications into one single smartphone. NFC technology has emerged recently, and consequently not much academic data are available yet, although the number of academic research studies carried out in the past two years has already surpassed the total number of the prior works combined. This paper presents the concept of NFC technology in a holistic approach from different perspectives, including hardware improvement and optimization, communication essentials and standards, applications, secure elements, privacy and security, usability analysis, and ecosystem and business issues. Further research opportunities in terms of the academic and business points of view are also explored and discussed at the end of each section. This comprehensive survey will be a valuable guide for researchers and academicians, as well as for business in the NFC technology and ecosystem.
A survey on Near Field Communication (NFC) technology
(Springer, 2013-08) Coşkun, Vedat; Özdenizci Köse, Büşra; Ok, Kerem
Near Field Communication (NFC) as a promising short range wireless communication technology facilitates mobile phone usage of billions of people throughout the world that offers diverse services ranging from payment and loyalty applications to access keys for offices and houses. Eventually NFC technology integrates all such services into one single mobile phone. NFC technology has emerged lately, and consequently not much academic source is available yet. On the contrary, due to its promising business case options, there will be an increasing amount of work to be studied in the very close future. This paper presents the concept of NFC technology in a holistic approach with different perspectives, including communication essentials with standards, ecosystem and business issues, applications, and security issues. Open research areas and further recommended studies in terms of academic and business point of view are also explored and discussed at the end of each major subject's subsection. This comprehensive survey will be a valuable guide for researchers and academicians as well as for business world interested in NFC technology.
A tokenization-based communication architecture for HCE-Enabled NFC services
(Hindawi Publishing Cor, 2016) Özdenizci Köse, Büşra; Ok, Kerem; Coşkun, Vedat
Following the announcement of Host Card Emulation (HCE) technology, card emulation mode based Near Field Communication (NFC) services have gained further appreciation as an enabler of the Cloud-based Secure Element (SE) concept. A comprehensive and complete architecture with a centralized and feasible business model for diverse HCE-based NFC services will be highly appreciated, particularly by Service Providers and users. To satisfy the need in this new emerging research area, a Tokenization-based communication architecture for HCE-based NFC services is presented in this paper. Our architecture proposes Two-Phased Tokenization to enable the identity management of both user and Service Provider. NFC Smartphone users can store, manage, and make use of their sensitive data on the Cloud for NFC services; Service Providers can also provide diverse card emulation NFC services easily through the proposed architecture. In this paper, we initially present the Two-Phased Tokenization model and then validate the proposed architecture by providing a case study on access control. We further evaluate the usability aspect in terms of an authentication scheme. We then discuss the ecosystem and business model comprised of the proposed architecture and emphasize the contributions to ecosystem actors. Finally, suggestions are provided for data protection in transit and at rest.
Usability of mobile voting with NFC technology
(Acta Press, 2010) Ok, Kerem; Coşkun, Vedat; Aydın, Mehmet Nafiz
Voting is a method to select one opinion or a person often following discussion, debate or an election campaign. After centuries of paper based voting ballots, electronic voting is used along with various technologies. One of the promising technologies is Near Field Communication (NFC) which allows data transfer between NFC-enabled devices and smart tags within a short distance. In this paper, we have presented a new type of a secure voting system, namely NFC voting, and evaluated the system's usability in a university council election with an executable prototype. Among other findings, we found that NFC voting satisfies electronic voting requirements and further increases the subjective usability of the proposed system.
Yakın alan iletişimi teknolojisi
(Türkiye Bilişim Vakfı, 2016-06-24) Özdenizci, Büşra; Ok, Kerem; Aydın, Mehmet Nafiz; Coşkun, Vedat
Yakın Alan İletişimi iki elektronik cihazın kısa mesafede, yüksek frekansta ve düşük bant genişliğinde haberleşmesini sağlayan Radyo Frekansı ile Tanımlama tabanlı bir teknolojidir. NFC uygulamaları temel olarak üç ayrı çalışma kipi kullanırlar ve her bir kipin kullanımının getirmiş olduğu ayrı özellikler ve avantajlar mevcuttur. Her çalışma kipi farklı iş fırsatları ve katma değer olanakları sunabilmektedir. Bu çalışmada, öncelikle dünyada şu an itibari ile mevcut tüm NFC uygulamaları ve prototipleri, kullanmış oldukları çalışma kiplerine göre incelenmiştir. Daha sonra bu çalışmaların her biri ayrıntılı biçimde analiz edilmiş ve oluşturdukları katma değer ortaya konulmuştur. Çalışma, bu alandaki hedef beklentilerimizin konulması ile neticelendirilmiştir.

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