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Yayın ANN activation function estimators for homomorphic encrypted inference(Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers Inc., 2025-06-13) Harb, Mhd Raja Abou; Çeliktaş, BarışHomomorphic Encryption (HE) enables secure computations on encrypted data, facilitating machine learning inference in sensitive environments such as healthcare and finance. However, efficiently handling non-linear activation functions, specifically Sigmoid and Tanh, remains a significant computational challenge for encrypted inference using Artificial Neural Networks (ANNs). This study introduces a lightweight, ANN-based estimator designed to accurately approximate activation functions under homomorphic encryption. Unlike traditional polynomial and piecewise linear approximations, the proposed ANN estimators achieve superior accuracy with lower computational overhead associated with bootstrapping or high-degree polynomial techniques. These estimators are trained on plaintext data and seamlessly integrated into encrypted inference pipelines, significantly outperforming conventional methods. Experimental evaluations demonstrate notable improvements, with ANN estimators enhancing accuracy by approximately 2% for Sigmoid and up to 73% for Tanh functions, improving F1-scores by approximately 2% for Sigmoid and up to 88% for Tanh, and markedly reducing Mean Square Error (MSE) by up to 96% compared to polynomial approximations. The ANN estimator achieves an accuracy of 97.70% and an AUC of 0.9997 when integrated into a CNN architecture on the MNIST dataset, and an accuracy of 85.25% with an AUC of 0.9459 on the UCI Heart Disease dataset during ciphertext inference. These results underscore the estimator’s practical effectiveness and computational feasibility, making it suitable for secure and efficient ANN inference in encrypted environments.Yayın A hierarchical key assignment scheme: a unified approach for ccalability and efficiency(IEEE, 2024-05-24) Çelikbilek, İbrahim; Çeliktaş, Barış; Özdemir, EnverThis study introduces a hierarchical key assignment scheme (HKAS) based on the closest vector problem in an inner product space (CVP-IPS). The proposed scheme offers a comprehensive solution with scalability, flexibility, cost-effectiveness, and high performance. The key features of the scheme include CVP-IPS based construction, the utilization of two public keys by the scheme, a distinct basis set designated for each class, a direct access scheme to enhance user convenience, and a rigorous mathematical and algorithmic presentation of all processes. This scheme eliminates the need for top-down structures and offers a significant benefit in that the lengths of the basis sets defined for classes are the same and the costs associated with key derivation are the same for all classes, unlike top-down approaches, where the higher class in the hierarchy generally incurs much higher costs. The scheme excels in both vertical and horizontal scalability due to its utilization of the access graph and is formally proven to achieve strong key indistinguishability security (S-KI-security). This research represents a significant advancement in HKAS systems, providing tangible benefits and improved security for a wide range of use cases.Yayın Relationships among organizational-level maturities in artificial intelligence, cybersecurity, and digital transformation: a survey-based analysis(Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers Inc., 2025-05-19) Kubilay, Burak; Çeliktaş, BarışThe rapid development of digital technology across industries has highlighted the growing need for enhanced competencies in Artificial Intelligence (AI), Cyber security (CS), and Digital Transformation (DT). While there is extensive research on each of these domains in isolation, few studies have investigated their relationship and joint impact on organizational maturity. This study aims to address this gap by analyzing the relationships among the maturity levels of AI, CS, and DT at the organizational level using Structural Equation Modeling (SEM) and descriptive statistical methods. A mixed-methods design combines quantitative survey data with synthetic modeling techniques to assess organizational preparedness. The findings demonstrate significant bidirectional correlations among AI, CS, and DT, with technology and finance being more advanced than government and education. The research highlights the necessity of an integrated AI-CS strategy and provides actionable recommendations to increase investments in these domains. In contrast to the preceding fragmented evaluations, the current research establishes a comprehensive, empirically grounded framework that acts as a strategic reference point for digital resilience. Follow-up studies will involve collecting real-world industry data in support of empirical validation and predictive ability in measuring AI and CS maturity. This research adds to the existing literature by filling the gaps among fragmented digital maturity models and providing a consistent empirical base for organizations to thrive in an evolving technological environment.
