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Yayın Cognitive bias modification of attention is less effective under working memory load(Springer New York LLC, 2014-07-20) Booth, Robert William; Mackintosh, Bundy; Mobini, Sirous; Öztop, Pınar; Nunn, SamanthaCognitive bias modification for attentional bias (CBM-A) attempts to alleviate anxiety by training an attentional bias away from threat. Several authors have argued that CBM-A in fact trains top-down, reactive counteraction of the tendency to orient towards threat. Imposing a working memory (WM) load during training should therefore limit its efficacy, since WM resources are required for goal-driven control of attention. Twenty-eight subclinical high-anxious participants completed two sessions of CBM-A or placebo training: one under a high WM load, and one under a low WM load. Attentional bias was assessed after each training. CBM-A produced an attentional bias away from threat under low load, but not under high load. These results suggest CBM-A trains top-down counteraction of orienting to threat. It also suggests the administration of CBM-A in the home environment may be affected by everyday worries and distractions.Yayın Uncontrolled avoidance of threat: Vigilance-avoidance, executive control, inhibition and shifting(Routledge Journals, 2014) Booth, Robert WilliamIt has been argued that anxious individuals orient their attention initially towards and then away from threat; this pattern is known as vigilance-avoidance. While the mechanisms underlying the initial vigilance have been subject to intense speculation and study, mechanisms underlying any subsequent avoidance have been neglected, although it has often been assumed that avoidance is a controlled coping strategy. Using a correlational design, the present study assessed avoidance in a dot-probe task, along with anxiety and two aspects of goal-driven executive control: Shifting and inhibition. Avoidance of threat correlated with state of anxiety; separate from this, avoidance also correlated negatively with shifting performance and was unrelated to inhibition performance. In other words, avoidance appeared to represent a shifting failure in this study. These results suggest that avoidance may occur ballistically in any individual as a consequence of threat exposure and does not necessarily represent a controlled coping response.
