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Yayın The comparative development of ICT in BRICS a cluster analysis(İbrahim Güran Yumuşak, 2016) Görkey, Selda; Yalkı Berker, İremThe development of Information Communication Technology (ICT) has been one of the main drivers of technological change and, hence, of economic growth in recent years. Brazil, Russia, India, China and South Africa, the so-called BRICS countries, are well known for their technological potential and they have therefore inspired many studies that examined their economies from various perspectives. However, only a few have specifically focused on ICT in BRICS. This study aims to contribute to the literature by determining the comparative development of ICT in each BRICS country relative to 200 countries during the period from 2005 to 2013. For that purpose, cluster analysis is used as a methodology. The clusters are defined by: fixedbroadband subscriptions, fixed-telephone subscriptions, mobile-cellular-telephone subscriptions, and percentage of individuals using the internet. There are five clusters: very-low, low, medium, high and very-high. Each corresponds to a comparative development level. The empirical findings indicate that, among 200 economies in 2005, Brazil, China and South Africa were clustered in the low development group, whereas India belonged in the very-low development cluster and Russia was included in the medium development cluster. Brazil, South Africa and Russia exhibited consistent comparative development during the examined period and, therefore, they are found to be in higher clusters in 2013. The findings also show that the comparative development of ICT in China has been volatile, whereas India’s cluster has varied from low to very-low development relative to the examined economies.Yayın Income inequality in Central and Eastern European countries(Fenerbahçe Üniversitesi, 2022-12-31) Görkey, SeldaCentral and Eastern European (CEE) economies share a common past since they passed through a transition period in the 1990s. They experienced rapid economic growth in the post-transition period by facing structural changes in their economies and institutions. Even though achieving economic growth is desirable, it is not sufficient alone; rather, it is expected to be supported by more even income distribution. Accordingly, income inequality becomes a crucial topic in economic growth and development, particularly for CEE countries. This study examines income inequality in 12 CEE economies using a descriptive research method. The study reaches diversified outcomes by using various indicators on the topic, such as the poverty headcount ratio, the at-risk-of-poverty rate, the Gini coefficient, and income quintiles and deciles-related measures. The overall findings clearly show that income inequality is a critical concern in the region. Income inequality is the highest in Bulgaria, Romania, and Albania, and these economies are followed by Latvia and Lithuania, according to most of the indicators utilized. Forming an exceptional group; Czechia, Slovenia, and the Slovak Republic have more even income distribution not only compared to the other CEE economies but also the EU27. These economies are followed by Estonia and Hungary according to the outcomes reached by this study. The findings of this study can be used for policy designs to decrease the extent of income inequality in CEE economies.Yayın Macroeconomic determinants of in-work poverty in Europe: evidence from panel data(Türkiye Ekonomi Kurumu, 2021-04) Görkey, SeldaThe determinants of poverty have been examined from various perspectives in many studies and much has been suggested to break the vicious circle of poverty. While employment opportunities are regarded as crucial for poverty reduction, experiences in the last decades have shown that they do not ensure such reduction. Combining poverty and labor market status, inwork poverty (IWP) has gained rising interest; yet, the topic is mostly examined from the micro perspective. However, macroeconomic and institutional determinants are at least as important as micro factors for IWP. In this respect, this study explores macroeconomic determinants of IWP in 30 European economies over the period 2008-2019 using panel data analysis. The macroeconomic determinants of interest included in the analysis are economic growth, GDP per capita, unemployment, income inequality, employment status, and sectoral composition of the economy. A set of institutional and demographic control variables such as union density, social expenditures, education, and dependency ratio are also included in the analysis. The findings are crucial as it particularly examines the European economies. Even though some of these economies are known for their tight labor markets, part-time and temporary jobs have increased in number in many of them. Thus, the findings are critical to present the overall outcome of macroeconomic and institutional factors on IWP. The study also paves the way to policy recommendations as it empirically examines the difficulties European economies have faced in their labor markets such as precariousness and rising temporary jobs in the post-crisis period. Lastly, the study considers the expected future impacts of COVID-19 on the topic as the pandemic changed the composition of employment severely in many economies.Yayın International diffusion of technology in the manufacturing industry: emerging countries within the EU and Turkey(DRUID, 2014-01) Görkey, SeldaThis study analyzes the relative impact of multiple diffusion channels on the manufacturing total factor productivity (TFP) of emerging countries within the EU plus Turkey. The prospected contribution of this research is that it analyzes the effects of multiple diffusion channels and focuses on emerging countries using data from the recent time period 1994-2008. The international technology diffusion channels included in the analysis are foreign R&D intensity, import of technology goods and foreign direct investment (FDI). Human capital, which serves as a proxy for absorptive capacity, is also included in the analysis. Although the main focus of this research is international technology diffusion, the impact of domestic R&D expenditures is also examined in order to compare the magnitude of its effect on TFP in combination with the selected international technology diffusion channels. The findings indicate that foreign R&D, imports of technology goods and human capital have a positive impact on the manufacturing industry TFP. Among these factors, foreign R&D has the greatest impact on TFP growth, whereas the import of technology goods has the least impact. The estimates also show that FDI and domestic R&D expenditures have no effect on manufacturing TFP for the selected countries.
