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Yayın The effect of the interaction between autistic traits and psychotic proneness on empathy: a cross-sectional study with a non-clinical sample(Emerald Publishing, 2023-11-08) Yıldırım, ElifPurpose: Recent evidence indicates an improving effect of the co-occurrence of autistic traits and psychotic symptoms on social cognition, but there is no agreement on the effect of the interaction between autistic traits and psychotic proneness on empathy. The aim of this study is to examine the effect of the interaction between autistic traits and positive psychotic experiences on cognitive and affective empathy. Design/methodology/approach: The sample consisted of 420 adults aged between 18 and 60. Assessments were administered anonymously online. Empathic abilities were evaluated by the Interpersonal Reactivity Index (IRI). While Autism Spectrum Quotient (AQ) was applied to measure autistic traits, The Community Assessment of Psychic Experience (CAPE) was used as a measurement of positive psychotic experiences. Findings: A series of regression analyses showed that although AQ and CAPE scores were not correlated with cognitive-IRI, the interaction between these scores predicted cognitive-IRI scores. It was found that the personal distress subscale of IRI was significantly associated with AQ, but this relationship was moderated by CAPE scores. Originality/value: These findings provide a different perspective on understanding social cognitive impairments in autism, which may have potential clinical implications. Findings also contribute to explaining the individual differences in empathic abilities.Yayın An investigation of affective theory of mind ability and its relation to neuropsychological functions in Alzheimer's disease(John Wiley and Sons Ltd., 2020-09) Yıldırım, Elif; Soncu Büyükişcan, Ezgi; Demirtaş Tatlıdede, Aslı; Bilgiç, Başar; Gürvit, İbrahim HakanAlthough cognitive theory of mind (ToM) has been largely studied within neurodegenerative disorders including Alzheimer's disease (AD), studies focusing on affective ToM are relatively limited, yielding inconsistent findings. The current study aimed at investigating affective ToM abilities within different stages of AD (mild AD dementia [ADD], mild cognitive impairment [MCI], and subjective cognitive impairment [SCI]), together with its relationship with neuropsychological functioning. Eighty-one participants were tested with two different ToM tasks (Faux Pas Recognition Test [FPR] and Reading Mind in the Eyes Test [RMET]) and tests of attention, executive functions, episodic memory, and facial recognition. Our results showed two different affective ToM profiles in AD continuum: while ADD group performed poorly on both tasks of ToM, MCI group displayed deteriorated performance on RMET but not on FPR. In addition, ToM performance was significantly related to episodic memory and verbal fluency within the overall sample. These findings suggest that impairment in the decoding process of emotional cues could begin even in the prodromal stage of AD. In contrast, the reasoning process of emotional information, as measured with FPR, could be preserved until the dementia stage. Moreover, the relation of affective ToM with amnestic functions and verbal abilities could provide evidence of a domain-general ToM impairment in AD.Yayın The effect of psychotic proneness and psychopathy on theory of mind(Wiley, 2024-02) Atakan, Begüm; Yıldırım, ElifThis study aimed to investigate the interaction between positive psychotic experiences and psychopathic traits on the theory of mind in a non-clinical sample. The results showed that distinct constructs of psychopathy can lead to distinct theory of mind profiles when interacting with psychotic proneness.Yayın Cognitive reserve and aging: impacts on theory of mind and executive functions(Routledge, 2025-03) Şandor, Serra; Hıdıroğlu Ongun, Ceren; Yıldırım, ElifAim: This study examines the effects of cognitive reserve (CR) on Executive Functions (EF) and Theory of Mind (ToM). While CR is suggested to mitigate age-related cognitive decline, its relationship with social cognition remains limited and inconsistent in the literature. It was hypothesized that the effect of CR on ToM might be indirect, mediated by EF and working memory. Methods: 225 cognitively healthy participants were included. CR was measured with the Cognitive Reserve Index Questionnaire, EF with verbal fluency and the Stroop Test, and WM using digit span tasks. Structural Equation Modeling was used to analyze the relationships among CR, EF, WM, and SC, controlling for age and gender. Results: CR was significantly associated with both RMET and FPRT performances. Mediation analysis revealed the direct effects of CR on RMET performance, while the effects on FPRT performance were mediated by executive functions. WM had a partial mediating effect on EF and ToM, but did not directly influence FPRT. Education was most strongly associated with RMET performance, while leisure activities were linked to FPRT performance. Conclusion: These findings suggest that CR indirectly supports ToM by enhancing EF and highlight the importance of interventions aimed at strengthening executive control to support social cognition in aging.Yayın Decision making, emotion recognition and childhood traumatic experiences in murder convicts ımprisoned with aggravated life sentence: a prison study(Turkish Neuropsychiatric Society, 2025-03) Çıkrıkçılı, Uğur; Yıldırım, Elif; Buker, Seda; Ger, Can; Erözden, Ozan; Gürvit, Hakan; Saydam, BilginIntroduction: Decision-making and emotion recognition are two fundamental themes in social cognition. Disorders in these areas can lead to interpersonal, psychosocial, and legal problems for the individual and society. The likelihood of consequent aggression and crime makes them foci of forensic psychiatry over time. In this study, two developmental disorders that have a clear relationship with crime, that are antisocial personality disorder (ASPD), and psychopathy are investigated for their relationship with these social cognitive deficits.Methods: The present study involved 23 male prison inmates who were diagnosed with both antisocial personality disorder and psychopathy, as well as 23 control participants who were matched for age, gender, and level of education. Following the psychiatric interview, Reading the Mind in the Eyes Test (RMET), the Iowa Gambling Test (IGT), Toronto Alexithymia Scale (TAS), Defense Styles Questionnaire (DSQ), Childhood Psychic Trauma Scale (CTQ), Hare Psychopathy Checklist (PCL-R) were administered to all participants. Results: The results of the study showed that ASPD group performed statistically worse than healthy controls in TAS, CTQ, all items of DSQ, PCL-R Factor 1 and 2, and all the IGT scores (p<0.05). There were no statistically significant difference between in the RMET test performancesConclusion: These results suggest that ASPD and psychopathy lead to impaired decision-making behaviors due to the inability to recognize one’s own emotions and impulsivity, and that these characteristics play a critical role in the criminal behavior of individuals. In addition, contrary to expectations, the results of affective theory of mind assessed with the RMET showed similar characteristics in homicide convicts and healthy controls. These data indicate the need for further research in the field of forensic psychiatry.Yayın Validation and normative data study for the Turkish version of the movie for the assessment of social cognition (MASC-TR)(Oxford University Press, 2026-02-05) Şandor, Serra; Hıdıroğlu-Ongun, Ceren; Tanfer, Mehmet Can; Gürkaş, Sena; Bora, Emre; Yıldırım, ElifObjective This study aimed to adapt the Movie for the Assessment of Social Cognition (MASC) into Turkish (MASC-TR), examine its psychometric properties, and establish normative data. Additionally, the study investigated the discriminative validity of the MASC-TR in differentiating individuals with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) from healthy controls. Methods The sample comprised 228 healthy adults and 29 individuals with ASD aged 18–45 years. Participants completed the MASC-TR along with established measures of theory of mind (ToM)—the Reading the Mind in the Eyes Test (RMET) and the Faux Pas Recognition Test (FPRT)—as well as non-social cognitive tasks assessing attention, working memory, and executive functions. Reliability analyses included internal consistency and test–retest reliability. Construct validity was assessed via convergent and discriminant correlations. Group comparisons and receiver operating characteristic analyses were used to evaluate discriminative validity, while multifactorial analysis of variance and regression analyses examined demographic effects. Results The MASC-TR demonstrated acceptable internal consistency (α=0.75) and excellent test–retest reliability (ICC=0.98). Significant positive correlations with RMET and FPRT supported convergent validity. Education level emerged as the only significant demographic predictor of MASC-TR performance. The MASC-TR successfully differentiated individuals with ASD from controls (t=−3.87, p<.001), with an optimal cutoff of 23.5 yielding 97% sensitivity and 52% specificity (area under the curve=0.72). Conclusions The findings indicate that the MASC-TR is a valid and reliable measure of social cognition in Turkish adults. The availability of culturally adapted normative data enhances its clinical and research utility for assessing ToM functioning across populations.
