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Yayın Determinants of Bitcoin price movements(Suat Teker, 2024-07-30) Teker, Dilek; Teker, Suat; Demirel, EsinPurpose- Investors want to include Bitcoin in their portfolios due to its high returns. However, high returns also come with high risks. For this reason, the volatility prediction of Bitcoin prices is the focus of attention of investors. Because Bitcoin's volatility is used as an important input in portfolio selection and risk management. This means that the models to be used in predicting Bitcoin volatility increases the importance of performance. In this research; A comparative examination of the models applied for Bitcoin shows an effective performance in volatility prediction. It is very important for evaluation. The aim of this study is to model Bitcoin price returns and to examine future return predictions and return directions using historical Bitcoin prices. Methodology- Many models have been used in studies on financial instruments and price predictions. Models such as linear and nonlinear regression, Random Walk Model, GARCH and ARIMA fall into this category. Nonlinear econometric models such as ARCH and GARCH are used for financial time series with variable volatility. These models assume that the variance is not constant. In this study, first Bitcoin price returns for the period between January 2020 and December 2023 will be modeled with the GARCH model, and then the ARCH-GARCH models will be used for future prediction of returns for the period between January 2024 and June 2024. Finally, the actual values will be compared with the forecasted values. In other words, the primary aim of this study is to use the daily Bitcoin closing price between May 2020 and December 2023 to estimate the returns for the periods of 2024 and compare it with the actual returns. Findings- The analysis reveals that GARCH Model results showed that in the mean and variance equations, it is seen that all variables are except intercept of the mean equation significant according to the error level of 0.05. Namely, the reaction and persistence parameters are significant accourding to 0.05 in the variance equation. Both the coefficient of the reaction parameter and the coefficient of the persistent parameter are higher than zero (positive). Also, the coefficient of the reaction parameter plus the coefficient of the persistent parameter approximately equals 0.72. That is, it is lower than 1 and higher than zero (positive). The level of persistence is not too high. So, we do not think about non-stationary variance in the model. Reaction parameter’s coefficient is 0.13. And persistence parameter’s coefficient is 0.58. As we can see, persistent parameter is much higher than reaction parameter. That is, when there is a new shock that creates the persistent parameter, that shock will be in effect for a long time, it will not disappear immediately. That is, a significant part of the shock that occurs in one period flows into the next period. After determining the appropriate mean and variance models, a forecast is made using Automatic ARIMA forecasting for BITCOIN return forecasting. This forecast is made for the first five months of 2024, without adding the actual values of the first five months of 2024 to the data. The program ranks the most appropriate model. The program chose GARCH(3,3) as the most appropriate model in "bitcoin return prediction". Conclusion- The results of the test applied in the study can be summarized that the unit root test results showed that it was necessary to work with return series. GARCH(1,1) model results show when there is a new shock that creates the persistent parameter, that shock will be in effect for a long time, it will not disappear immediately. That is, a significant part of the shock that occurs in one period flows into the next period. According to GARCH automatic forecasting results, the best GARCH model that models Bitcoin return is the GARCH(3,3) model. According to these model results, although the slopes of the actual and forecasted return series move in the same direction, the model remains weak for forecasting. In future studies, it may be recommended to estimate Bitcoin returns with non-linear models.Yayın Export potential of Turkish SMEs(Suat Teker, 2024-07-30) Teker, Suat; Teker, Dilek; Orman, IrmakPurpose- Digital channels are gaining more and more share from trade and commerce, especially after Covid 19 pandemic. People have adopted to online buying and marketplaces became important retailing tools for manufacturers. E-commerce is rising not only in closed commercial areas but also across different countries, even continents with developments in cross-border e-commerce. Governments, global digital platforms, consumer habits are creating and supporting the demand of buying online from anywhere and numbers are showing that this creates an opportunity for Turkish businesses to become exporters. This study aims to highlight the potential for small and medium sized businesses in Turkey to become exporters. Methodology- The study examines historical export growth data of Turkey in detail using secondary data. The historical data is used to make a projection for future and highlight the potential of growth for Turkish SMEs. Current marketplace platforms’ business models are also examined and carefully analyzed to present an understanding of the potential business models. Findings- The numbers are showing that Turkish exports are growing in Europe and USA. Capex heavy industries have the highest share among the exports but e-commerce is also growing. Some industries like textile, jewellry and small appliences has a higher growth potential withing cross border e-commerce. Conclusion- Adoption to online retail is getting higher and higher. More people are buying from online marketplaces and the origin of the transaction is losing its importance with one-day deliveries. It is important to open shops not only physical but also on different platforms. It is easier for business owners to sell across the world and become exporters. By having international customers, businesses distribute regional risks and also become financially stronger. It is important for Turkish SMEs to understand their risks and seek international growth opportunities, such as doing exports. Turkey’s unique geographical location is a very important asset but Turkish businesses should keep in mind that all international producers are now seeking opportunities to create through online platforms.Yayın Ageism and glass ceiling: barriers to advancement for women in Turkish banking(Suat Teker, 2024-07-30) Dönmez, Sena; Tuncay Çelikel, AslıPurpose- The Turkish banking industry is known for its dynamism, where customer issues demand swift resolution, decisions must be made expeditiously, and employees are persistently pressured to meet targets. This engenders a highly stressful and demanding work environment. This paper examines the role of ageism in this industry, emphasising how gender and age-related biases intensify the “glass ceiling” as a chronic syndrome for employees. The objective of the research is to comprehend the impact of these biases on women across different age groups. Methodology- In-depth interviews were conducted with 20 female banking employees in Istanbul, Turkey. The participants included managers and branch employees from 16 different banks. A convenient sampling method was employed, and participants were invited to respond to open-ended questions regarding their experiences and motivations. Findings- The banking sector is characterised by a high level of stress, tight deadlines and the pressure to achieve key performance indicators (KPIs), which can have a significant impact on the well-being of women employees across all age groups. The study revealed a generational divide in motivations and expectations. Younger women prioritised favourable work conditions and salary, while senior women expressed a desire for early retirement due to burnout. Despite this, women of all age groups articulated a desire for career advancement and recognition, underscoring the pivotal role of managerial support and transparent expectations for future success. While extrinsic rewards remained a primary motivator, intrinsic rewards also played a role. Additionally, generational differences in expectations regarding motivation were observed. Conclusion- The dissolution of the glass ceiling necessitates the creation of an environment wherein individuals from disparate generational cohorts are able to provide mutual support, and age-based discriminatory practices are reduced. The acknowledgement and remuneration of employees’ competencies and expertise, in conjunction with the promotion of collaborative endeavours, can facilitate the development of a more equitable and nurturing work environment.Yayın Türkiye’de bölgesel işsizliğin belirleyicilerinin mekânsal panel veri modelleriyle analizi(TÜİK, 2024-12-31) Demirci, Beyda; Yerdelen Tatoğlu, Ferdaİşsizlik, ekonomik kalkınmanın önünde büyük bir engel olup, bireylerin yaşam kalitesini doğrudan etkileyen önemli bir sorundur. İşgücü piyasasındaki dengesizlikler, yetersiz istihdam olanakları ve bölgesel farklılıklar, işsizlik oranının dalgalanmasına yol açmaktadır. Bu nedenle, bölgesel düzeyde işsizliği etkileyen sosyo-ekonomik faktörlerin belirlenmesi, işgücü piyasasında etkili politikalar geliştirmek için önemlidir. Bu çalışmada, Türkiye’nin İBBS Düzey 2’deki 26 bölgesi için 2014-2022 yıllarına ait verilerle işsizlik oranında mekânsal etkilerin olup olmadığı ve işsizlik oranını açıklayan faktörler mekânsal panel veri modelleri yardımıyla incelenmiştir. Test sonuçlarına göre, mekânsal hata modeli (SEM) uygun model olarak belirlenmiş ve bu modelin tahmin sonuçlarına göre bölgesel büyüme oranı, girişim sayısı ve genç nüfustaki artışın bölgesel işsizliği azalttığı; diğer yandan üniversite mezun sayısı ve yoksulluk oranındaki artışın işsizlik oranını arttırdığı tespit edilmiştir. Bu sonuçların, bölgesel işsizliği azaltmaya yönelik politikaların belirlenmesinde katkı sunacağı düşünülmektedir.Yayın An innovative approach for higher education(Suat Teker, 2024-07-30) Eşkinat, Ali; Teker, SuatPurpose- The purpose of this study is to reflect the position of higher education institutions facing to adapt their strategies to the competitive priorities of the digital transformation era. This paper intends to clarify the new needs and demands of the prospective college students and the required response of universities to stay competitive in the new atmosphere. For this reason, this paper advocates “An Innovative Approach for Higher Education” model for the contemporary university of the new age. Methodology-. The study employs a literature review aiming to reflect the new needs and conditions in the higher education system based on selected topics. A comparative analysis of the needs of higher education institutions against the demands of college students and employers of the world of 2020s was considered. The aim was to analyze the required actions of the universities in the competitive environment concerning demands of the prospective college students including non-educational services and examine the potential for a model of An Innovative Approach for Higher Education. Findings-. The analysis reveals that higher education institutions should adapt themselves to the expectations of new student generations and design their strategies accordingly. Notably, it is clearly seen that the universities have not only be digitalized in their conventional noneducational services but also be ready to supply the demands and conditions of the competition in the digital transformation era. As a matter of the fact, over the Covid-19 crisis most universities keep increasing the use of hybrid model in all disciplines in their education system forced by the market demand. Furthermore, new concepts like industry 5.0 and Society 5.0 provide a basis for the University 5.0 model in parallel to the expectations of the new student generations. Under these circumstances, the results reveal that contemporary universities of this age should concentrate on such topics as understanding Generation Z’s perspective on embracing digital technologies, academic excellence, effective digital transformation in non-educational services and supplying employers’ demands to build a model of An Innovative Approach for Higher Education. Conclusion-. Findings may be concluded that students of digital age extend minor interest in conventional non-educational facilities. Indeed, their priorities have changed in parallel to technological advantages of digital transformation era and their value expectation from undergraduate education towards their career. As a matter of fact, the Covid-19 period brought a serious momentum towards a digital transformation of universities. For this reason, it may be argued that there may be no need for usual conventional non-educational components, and related elements for higher education in the near future. Instead, a significant need for a clear perception to meet the expectations of college students and prospected employers reflecting the new conditions of 21st Century is valid. For this reason, universities should rethink and redesign their structures. Indeed, blended learning in traditional universities and inevitable growth of digital higher education institutions named as University 5.0 will be seen after 2030s.Yayın National income distribution: a countrywise analysis(Suat Teker, 2024-07-30) Teker, Suat; Teker, Dilek; Güzelsoy, HalitPurpose- This study aimsto analyze the changes in income distribution for selected developing countries over a time period in between 2015 and 2022, 8 years of observations. It hypothesizes that Covid19 pandemic period of 2020 and 2021 significantly impacted income distribution in all developing countries investigated. Methodology- Income distribution data for this study are extracted from the World Inequality Database addressing household income adjusted for after-tax income. Each household’s income is equally divided among the adult population aged 20 or older. The data are categorized into 10% income groups resulting in ten distinct income levels for the analysis. The study examines income distribution of five developing comprising Turkiye, Czechia, Greece, Hungary, and Romania. Findings- The top 10% of the population in the developing countries take 33% of national income on average. The average per capita income was $34,849 in 2015 and increased to $42,610 in 2022 after a dip of with a similar Covid19 dip. However, social policies generally failed resulting in income shifting from lower and middle-income groups to the top 30%. Conclusion- All countries implemented various social programs to support those most affected by Covid19. The social policies and measures implemented by governments to mitigate the effects of Covid19 appear to have been more successful in some of the developing countries comparing to the other developing countries. Although the developing countries could manage to increase their overall national income, they failed to restore their pre-pandemic income distribution. Significant income transfer occurred from the bottom 20% and middle 50% to the top 30% in these countries.Yayın Marx’ın kâr oranının düşme eğilimi yasasına yönelik eleştiriler üzerine bir değerlendirme(Birleşik Metal İş Sendikası, 2024-07-31) Güzelsoy, Halit; Çakmak Şahin, SenemKâr Oranının Düşme Eğilimi Yasası (KODEY), Marksist iktisat literatüründe sıkça tartışılan konulardan biridir. KODEY, kâr oranının zamanın her anında düşmekte olduğunu belirtmemekte fakat uzun dönemde ortalama kâr oranının düşme eğiliminde olacağını ifade etmektedir. Yasa, Marx’ın Kapital’inin yayımlandığı tarihten günümüze kadar birçok tartışmaya neden olmuştur. Söz konusu tartışmalar konuya ilişkin zengin bir literatür oluşmasını sağlamıştır. Özellikle kriz dönemleri, ilgili tartışmaları yeniden canlandırmaktadır. Bu çalışmada Kâr Oranının Düşme Eğilimi Yasası’na ilişkin günümüze kadar gelen tartışmalar gözden geçirilmektedir. Yasaya ilişin tartışmalar iki temel izlek üzerinden takip edilmiştir. Bunlardan ilki (Okishio Teoremi) fiziksel çıktı miktarına odaklanmakta ve yasanın tutarsızlığını iddia etmektedir. İkincisi ise yasanın gerçekte işleyip işlemediğinin belirtilemeyecek kadar muğlak ve belirsiz olduğu iddiasına dayanmaktadır. Söz konusu tartışmalar yine aynı izlek korunarak yöntemsel olarak da ayırt edilebilmektedir. Yasaya getirilen eleştiriler ve bu eleştirilere verilen cevaplar gözden geçirildiğinde, yasanın Marksist iktisatçılar arasında kapitalist sistemin içsel çelişkilerini gösteren önemli ölçüde bütünlüklü bir kriz teorisi olarak kabul edildiği söylenebilmektedir.Yayın Kentsel dönüşümde dönüşüm öncesi yapı durumu korunmayan malikin sebepsiz zenginleşme kapsamında alacak talebi(Süleyman Demirel Üniversitesi, 2025-12-30) Kılıç, Mahmut AlperKentsel dönüşüm uygulamaları Türk hukukunda 6306 sayılı Afet Riski Altındaki Alanların Dönüştürülmesi Hakkında Kanun kapsamında düzenlenmiştir. Yapılan düzenlemelerde, uygulama işlemlerinin malikler tarafından yapılması esası benimsenmiştir. Malikler tarafından uygulama işlemlerine ilişkin alınabilecek kararlar arasında, mevcut riskli yapının yıktırılarak yeni bir yapı inşa edilmesi de bulunmaktadır. Paydaşlar, inşa edilecek yapının yüklenicisine, yapının şekline, paylaşımın ne şekilde yapılacağına salt çoğunluk ile karar verebilecektir. Kanun kapsamında salt çoğunluk ile karar alınabileceğine yönelik yapılan düzenleme, uygulamada genellikle salt çoğunluğu sağlayan maliklerin toplantı yapmaksızın kendi aralarında karar almalarına neden olmaktadır. Çoğunluk payına sahip malikler tarafından verilen bu karar azınlık payına sahip kişilerin haklarını doğrudan etkileyebilecek niteliktedir. Uygulamada, azınlık payına sahip kişilerin, paylarının satılması yaptırımı ile karşılaşmamak için genellikle menfaatlerine aykırı olsa dahi çoğunluk payına sahip malikler ile yüklenici arasında yapılan arsa payı karşılığı inşaat sözleşmesine katılım sağladığı görülmektedir. Çalışmamız kapsamında, riskli yapının yeniden inşasına ilişkin yapılan sözleşmede yapı durumu korunmayan malikin başvurabileceği hukuki yollar, tazminat talep edip edemeyeceği, sebepsiz zenginleşmeden kaynaklı alacak davası açıp açamayacağı, bu taleplerini kimlere karşı ileri sürebileceği incelenecektir.
