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Yayın The Arab Spring: On mass protests and political openings(Işık Üniversitesi, 2019-08-22) Bilgen, Merve; Demiralp Yılankaya, Seda; Işık Üniversitesi, Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü, Uluslararası İlişkiler Yüksek Lisans ProgramıDuring the past decade, public resistance increased against authoritarian regimes throughout the world from the Middle East to Europe and the United States. These large-scale protests have shown that popular uprisings can overthrow autocratic leaders. The aim of this thesis is explaining how leaders react when they face a popular uprising (mass protest). In case of a demonstration, do leaders respond with democratic opening or repression? This thesis analyzes the reason why authoritarian leaders of Tunisia, Egypt, Libya and Syria reacted differently to similar uprisings and experienced different transitional outcomes on the way to democracy following the Arab uprisings in 2011. More specifically, this thesis analyzes how leaders responded to the uprisings in the Arab countries through the Arab Spring with the goal of contributing to general theories that aim to predict leader behavior (such as embracing a democratic speech vs. using police pressure and the approach of military) in response to mass protests. The thesis argues that leaders’ initial speeches can predict post-movement political environment. When leaders adopt a moderate speech and police violence against protestors is low, then there is more chance for peaceful change through a democratic election.Yayın Tunisia during the Arab Spring : military neutrality and its reflection on the public opinion(Işık Üniversitesi, Lisansüstü Eğitim Enstitüsü, 2024-05-16) El Makrini, Tarik; Demiralp, Seda; Işık Üniversitesi, Lisansüstü Eğitim Enstitüsü Uluslararası İlişkiler Yüksek Lisans Programı; Işık University, School of Graduate Studies, Master’s Program in International RelationsThis thesis examines the role of military neutrality in Tunisia during the Arab Spring, focusing on the coup-proofing strategies implemented by Presidents Habib Bourguiba and Zine El Abidine Ben Ali. The research challenges the prevailing explanations of military neutrality primarily based on professionalism and institutionalization, arguing that deliberate political marginalization, downsizing, and budget reductions played a significant role. Through a detailed historical analysis of civil-military relations during Bourguiba’s and Ben Ali’s regimes, the study demonstrates how these leaders systematically marginalized the military to prevent coups. The Barakat Sahil affair, a pivotal event involving the torture and marginalization of military officers, further deepened the resentment within the TAF, influencing their neutral stance during the Arab Spring. Additionally, data from the WVS reveals high public trust in the military post-Arab Spring and strong advocacy for its withdrawal from political affairs. This thesis provides a comprehensive understanding of the factors that shaped the TAF’s behavior, emphasizing the importance of historical and institutional contexts in analyzing military responses to political crises. The findings offer valuable insights into the role of coup-proofing strategies in maintaining military neutrality and facilitating democratic transitions in transitional societies.
