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Yayın Al-Qaida, 'war on terror' and Turkey(Taylor & Francis Ltd, 2007) Aras, Bülent; Toktaş, ŞuleThe new wave of international terrorism gained strength in the aftermath of the 9/11 attacks, threatening not only the USA and its allies but also, as seen in the latest incidents, a significant part of the world. Continuing al-Qaida attacks signify the vulnerability and weakness of defence, security and intelligence systems in the face of the new international terror. The terror network has created an image of a postmodern virtual state. We argue that it has been shaped by a common ideology rather than in physical terms. Thus it is necessary to develop novel approaches. In this article we discuss Turkey's struggle against the new terror, underlining the fact that it is a Muslim majority state and has lively and dynamic Islamic traditions and different shades of Islamic belief. This situation makes the discussion more interesting, focusing on the position, perception, difficulties and struggle of a Muslim state with a democratic and secular mode of government vis-a-vis an allegedly Islam-inspired international terror network. There is an urgent need to develop an international terror strategy to counter terror attacks against Turkey, Britain, Egypt and others. We underscore the vital requirement of reconciling the macro-schemes and priorities of the global 'war on terror' with the national conditions and needs of the other countries involved in the struggle against the terror network.Yayın Turkey and the Middle East: frontiers of the new geographic imagination(Routledge Journals, Taylor & Francis LTD, 2007-12) Aras, Bülent; Karakaya Polat, Rabia[No abstract available]Yayın The composition of acids in bitumen and in products from saponification of kerogen: Investigation of their role as connecting kerogen and mineral matrix(Elsevier Science BV, 2008-11-03) Razvigorova, Maria; Budinova, Temenuzhka K.; Tsyntsarski, Boyko G.; Petrova, Bilyana N.; Ekinci, Ekrem; Atakül, HüsnüIn order to obtain more information and to understand the nature of relation between organic and mineral matter in oil shales, the compositions of soluble bitumen fractions obtained by extraction from Bulgarian oil shales before and after demineralization with 10% HCl, concentrated HE and a HF/HCl mixture were investigated. The four extracts were quantitatively examined by IR and H-1 NMR spectroscopy. The investigation of isolated acidic material of the bitumen fractions showed that the fatty acids are present in bitumen fractions as free acids, esters and salts. The amount of free acids in bitumen is very small. The dominant part of bitumen acids is associated with mineral components of the oil shales as well as part of them is included in the mineral matrix, and can be separated only after deep demineralization. The kerogen of the oil shales, obtained after separation of the bitumen fractions and mineral components, was subjected to saponification in order to determine the amount of acids, bound as esters to the kerogen matrix. The major components found were n-carboxylic, alpha,omega,-di-carboxylic, and aromatic acids. The connection of kerogen with mineral components is accomplished by the participation of carboxylic and complicated ester bonds. Experimental data for the composition of bitumen acids give evidence that algae and terrestrial materials are initial sources in the formation of soluble organic matter of Bulgarian oil shale.Yayın Optically stimulated luminescence to date coastel dunes and a possible tsunami layer on the Kavak Delta (Saros Gulf, NW Turkey)(Scientific Technical Research Council Turkey-Tubitak, 2009-01-21) Erginal, Ahmet Evren; Güneç Kıyak, Nafiye; Özcan, HasanOptically stimulated luminescence (OSL) dating was used to determine the timing of initial dune formation and reconstruct the evolution of coastal dunes that developed on the Kavak Delta, Saros Gulf, Turkey. Along a 500-mlong representative transect, dune sands were extracted from foredune, semistable (grey) dune, stable (dark) dune and dune-swamp boundary defined by a scarp 50?75 cm high. The data obtained showed that dune drift initiated 670 years ago. A pumice layer 15?20-cm-thick interbedded with marine clay and sand showed an OSL age of 340 years coinciding with underlying dune sand. XRF analysis showed that pumices were of similar composition to those erupted by plinian activity of Thera (Santorini) in 1628 BC. On the basis of OSL ages, these deposits, which are widely distributed on the western Anatolian coasts of Turkey, might have presumably transported landward along tide channels on the delta during a tsunami event that occurred in 1672 near Bozcaada and Kos islands according to tsunami history of the Aegean Sea.Yayın What would normalisation of economic relations between Mashrek countries, Turkey and Israel imply?(Blackwell, 2007-04) Tovias, Alfred; Kalaycıoğlu, Sema; Dafni, Inon; Ruben, Ester; Herman, LiorThis article examines the potential for economic cooperation among Mashrek countries, Turkey and Israel in the fields of trade in goods and services both separately and across-field. It first describes the macroeconomic features of the region and then estimates the overall potential for inter-industry trade in goods by estimating gravity equations for each country separately and the potential for intra-industry trade using Grubel-Lloyd indices. The article also examines the potential for trade in specific services, namely information and computer technology, transport, financial and health services.Yayın The politics of population in a nation-building process: emigration of non-Muslims from Turkey(Routledge Journals, Taylor & Francis Ltd, 2008-02) İçduygu, Ahmet; Toktaş, Şule; Soner, Bayram AliWithin the politics of nationalism and nation-building, the emigration of ethnic and religious minorities, whether voluntary or involuntary, appears to be a commonly occurring practice. After the collapse of the Ottoman Empire in the early twentieth century, modern Turkey still carried the legacy of a multi-ethnic, multi-religious diversity in which its Armenian, Greek and Jewish communities had official minority status based upon the 1923 Treaty of Lausanne. However, throughout the twentieth century, Turkey's non-Muslim minority populations have undergone a mass emigration experience in which thousands of their numbers have migrated to various countries around the globe. While in the 1920s the population of non-Muslims in the country was close to 3 per cent of the total, today it has dropped to less than two per thousand. This article analyses the emigration of non-Muslim people from Turkey and relates this movement to the wider context of nation-building in the country.Yayın On the origin and age of the Ariburnu Beachrock, Gelibolu Peninsula, Turkey(Scientific Technical Research Council Turkey-TUBITAK, 2008-03-13) Erginal, Ahmet Evren; Güneç Kıyak, Nafiye; Bozcu, Mustafa; Ertek, Topçu Ahmet; Güngüneş, Hakan; Sungur, Ali; Türker, GülenThe beachrock formation on the Ariburnu coast situated in the Gelibolu Peninsula has been studied by field observation, thin-section interpretation, physicochemical analyses including ICP-AES and SEM/EDS, and OSL dating. These analyses reveal the presence of different amounts of major (Si, Ca, Mg, K, Fe, Al and Na) and trace elements within the beachrock cement with Si (36.2%) and Ca (32.68%) dominating the overall composition. Beachrocks composed of highly-fractured and friable beds reach a total thickness of 80 cm extending from + 60 cm at the uppermost level down to-1 m at their most seaward extent and grade from conglomerate to lithic arkose in vertical section. The total amount of CaCO(3) ranges between 59.08% and 36% and the cement consists of high-Mg calcite based on EDS analysis. From SEM examination, four main morphologies were identified in cement material: (1) micritic coatings, (2) cryptocrystalline pore-filling cement, (3) meniscus cement and (4) microbial cement and suggest the presence of marine phreatic conditions with the exception of meniscus bridges, which imply that cementation may have been dominated by carbonate-rich meteoric waters at any successive stage of cementation. Five buried beachrock samples under unconsolidated beach sand were sampled for Optically Stimulated Luminescence (OSL) dating and show that the minimum and maximum ages of beachrock are 1.42 +/- 0.20 ka and 2.28 +/- 0.28 ka BP, respectively.Yayın Foreign direct investment in Turkey: Historical constraints and the AKP success story(Routledge Journals, Taylor & Francis LTD, 2008-01) Grigoriadis, Ioannis N.; Kamaras, AntonisEconomic development on an unambiguously national basis was one of the foundational principles of republican Turkey. Indeed, until very recently, foreign direct investment (FDI) was scant and had a marginal presence in the Turkish economy. Since Turkey's Justice and Development Party (Adalet ve Kalkinma Partisi-AKP) came into power in 2002, however, Turkey has generated more FDI than in the previous 20 years. Here, Grigoriadis and Kamaras examine closely this development.Yayın Turkey and Eurasia: Frontiers of a new geographic imagination(Omer Academic Publ House, 2009-03) Aras, Bülent; Fidan, HakanTurkey has adopted a new course in foreign policy toward Eurasia. This article employs the notion of geographic imagination to analyze how Turkish policy-makers have developed a new political rhetoric and foreign policy towards the Eurasian region, specifically Central Asia, the Caucasus and Russia. Turkish policy-makers aim to further Turkey's interests ranging from security, over regional trade, to energy issues in this geography, in addition to creating an environment of cooperation and eliminating regional power constellations. We conclude that Turkey's renewed activism has opened new horizons for its relations in this region and that this new foreign policy orientation is linked to reform and change in Turkey's domestic landscape.Yayın The conduct of citizenship in the case of Turkey's Jewish minority: legal status, identity, and civic virtue aspects(2006) Toktaş, ŞuleContemporary liberal democracies confront governance problems elicited by the discord between the principles of equality and difference, and between the concepts of majority and minority. Citizenship came to be recognized as a vital governance tool in response to this challenge evidenced by growing academic and political interest in the concept. The basic precept that citizenship refers to is a constitutionality-based relationship between the individual and the state, implying a unique, reciprocal, and unmediated bond between the individual and the political community. It is argued that citizenship has three main aspects. First is the legal status aspect, which enfolds citizenship in terms of civil, political, and social rights, plus duties such as obeying laws, paying taxes, and performing military service. The second aspect is the identity dimension of citizenship, which regards individuals' membership in different social and political groups in multiple categories of race, class, ethnicity, religion, gender, profession, and sexuality. The third aspect is related to citizens' capacities, responsibilities, and willingness to cooperate, in short the civic virtue that the citizens possess and perform. The sense of identity that citizens have; their maneuvers to deal with competing identities; their willingness to participate in collective decisions and access to political processes; their sense of belonging to the social, political, and economic order; and their initiative potency all refer to different features of civic virtue. All in all, modern citizenship is perceived as the combination of legal status, social roles, and moral attributes that necessitate "good citizenry." It has been suggested that these three aspects of citizenship—legal status, identity, and civic virtue—are interrelated; as the sensitivity to identities increases, demands for legal rights increase correspondingly. It is also claimed that identity affects the way people perform their duty of civic participation and their conception of responsibility. From another point of view, it is also argued that the three components of citizenship conflict with one another under certain circumstances. For instance, claims for cultural recognition of minorities may conflict with equal citizenship status. An empirical investigation of citizenship is complementary to understanding the interaction between these three aspects. This study undertakes the crucial task of providing evidence from the field to illuminate the complex correlations and divergences within citizenship and the relational bond between the legal status, identity, and civic virtue aspects. In this article, the results of qualitative research on a particular group of citizens—Turkish citizens with Jewish background—are discussed in the light of the parameters set above. The study provides empirical evidence to illuminate the dynamics at stake in the relationship between the legal status, identity, and civic virtue aspects in the specificity of Turkey's Jews and the conduct of Turkish citizenship. With the use of in-depth interviews conducted with the sample group of Jews, the study attempts to understand how being a non-Muslim minority group living in a Muslim-predominant society influences the perceptions and experiences regarding citizenship. The discussion developed in the article is presented in three parts. In the first part, an overview of Turkish citizenship and the status of non-Muslim minorities per se is put forth. This part also sets forth the essentials of Turkish citizenship with its legal status, identity, and civic virtue aspects. In addition, the paradoxical consequences of the dominant paradigms inherent in citizenship in Turkey regarding non-Muslim minorities are demonstrated. The second part focuses on the field research conducted with the Jewish community in Turkey. After a brief summary of methodology and a portrayal of the general characteristics of the sample group, it discusses how members of Turkey's Jewish community experience and perceive Turkish citizenship through its aspects of legal status, identity, and civic virtue. The respondents' perceptions and experiences regarding being Turkish citizens and a non-Muslim minority are also covered. The third part offers a discussion on Turkish citizenship in the light of the research results and gives a citizen-centric account through the lenses of respondents.
