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Yayın Aeolian imprints of multiple Mediterranean invasions of the Black Sea during Pleistocene(Elsevier B.V., 2022-03-04) Erginal, Ahmet Evren; Güneç Kıyak, Nafiye; Makaroğlu, Özlem; Bozcu, Mustafa; Öztürk, Muhammed Zeynel; Selim, Haluk Hamit; Nowacyzk, Norbert R.; Kaya, Nurcan; Öztürk, Tuğba; Karabıyıkoğlu, Mustafa; Polymeris, Georgios S.Climate changes determined the repeated connections between the Black Sea, Caspian Sea and Mediterranean Sea. The landlocked anoxic Black Sea basin was exposed to several transgressions throughout Quaternary by the Mediterranean Sea through the Straits of Istanbul (Bosphorus) and by the Caspian Sea through the Manych-Kerch spillway. Sedimentological records of these connections are limited mostly to the marine terrace deposits of Marine Isotope Stage (MIS) 5e while the pre-MIS 5e period remains uncertain due to a lack of robust facies and chronological data from deep-sea sedimentary sequences. Here we discuss the imprints of multiple Mediterranean transgressions during Middle Pleistocene in the Black Sea based on facies analysis and the optical age of coastal carbonate aeolianites. Contrary to today's hydro-climate of the Black Sea, the aeolianites bear witness to the transformation of the Black Sea into a warm inland sea during successive Mediterranean invasions. Prior to the onset of aeolian deposition, paleosols were formed on the Eocene-aged hardened sandy silts, suggesting strongly washed soil. This is evidenced by no calcium carbonate and a high Rb/Sr ratio, with quartz amounting to of 99.8%. According to our OSL ages, carbonates deposited on the shelf plain under higher temperature and increased evaporation conditions in MIS 15 and the later interglacial phases were transported to the coastal sand dunes during the transitional phases of MIS 15–14, MIS 13–12, MIS 11–10 and MIS 9–8. We suggest that the carbonate-rich and ooid-containing aeolianites were repeatedly formed in the multiple Mediterranean transgression stages, beginning with an increasingly severe dry phase following the Brunhes-Matuyama magnetic reversal.Yayın How does multi-level governance create capacity to address refugee needs, and with what limitations? an analysis of municipal responses to Syrian refugees in Istanbul(Oxford University Press, 2022-03) Karakaya Polat, Rabia; Lowndes, VivienA multi-level governance (MLG) framework is used to investigate how municipalities in Turkey have coped with the arrival of 3.6 million Syrians amid limited resources, an ambiguous legal framework, and changing national policy priorities. Qualitative research in Istanbul, which hosts the largest number of refugees, shows how municipalities have generated capacity by working with actors at other governance levels and in non-governmental spaces, via formal and informal networks. MLG arrangements did not however imply the retreat of a powerful central state. Rather, they were decisively influenced by existing power relations and governing traditions, specifically a strong state, weak local government, and mistrust of civil society. The research illuminates the complex, and sometimes surprising, relationships between tiers and spheres of governance in shaping local responses to refugee needs. The research demonstrates the explanatory power of MLG in a highly centralized unitary state, outside of the democratic (and mostly federal) contexts where it is usually applied.Yayın Debating voter defection in Turkey(Routledge, 2023-10-20) Balta, Evren; Demiralp, Seda; Demiralp, SelvaThis study examines patterns of voter defection from Turkey’s incumbent AKP amid major economic and democratic decline. As in other electoral autocracies, defectors constitute a small but politically significant group in Turkey, where the opposition’s ability to secure a transition from authoritarianism depends on reducing the incumbent’s vote share. Based on survey data gathered in November 2021 and February 2022, we find that while the high level of partizanship among AKP voters hinders defection, persistent economic and democratic decline still reduces incumbent support. We also found that defections are higher outside of the lowest income group. Our findings have important implications for opposition strategies in electoral autocracies. Directing public debate away from identity issues to economic and democratic problems increases the likelihood of defection. In addition, offering voters clear superior alternatives decreases the cost of uncertainty that comes with change and increases the likelihood of defection.Yayın Turkey’s struggle with the PKK and civilian control over the Turkish Armed Forces(Routledge Journals, Taylor & Francis Ltd, 2016-05-03) Kayhan Pusane, ÖzlemAlthough most scholars of Turkey’s civil-military relations argue that the Kurdistan Workers’ Party (PKK) insurgency has led to a decrease in civilian control over the Turkish military from the 1980s onwards, this has not always been the case. This article argues that the presence or the degree of the PKK threat is not sufficient to explain the civil-military balance of power in Turkey throughout the 1980s and the 1990s. Instead, the article shows that in the face of the PKK threat, three major factors have influenced the behaviours of both civilian and military policy-makers in Turkey and shaped the level of civilian control. These factors are first, the Turkish political leaders’ control over their political parties and these parties’ control of a majority of seats in the parliament; second, how negatively or positively the military perceives the political leadership; and third, European Union pressures for democratisation.Yayın A hierarchical definitional framework for a heterogeneous context: housing typologies in Tirana, Albania(Emerald Group Holdings Ltd., 2022-04-29) Manahasa, Edmond; Özsoy, Fatma Ahsen; Manahasa, Odeta DurmishiPurpose: The proposed definitional framework can be used to define housing typologies of cities in developing countries. It aims to define housing typologies in the capital city of Albania, Tirana, using the proposed hierarchical framework within the dynamics of four political periods: Ottoman, establishment, socialist and postsocialist. Design/methodology/approach: This study proposes a new definitional approach for the housing typologies through a hierarchical framework that defines the typologies based on their political period and legality statuses departing from the case of Tirana, which is featured by a heterogeneous context. Such context is characterized by uncontrollable urban development, making typology definition problematic. Furthermore, beyond the form, spatial and functional features, it presents their exterior distinctiveness as an innovative element. The methodology used in the study includes archival research, image documentation, spatial, functional and exterior distinctiveness analysis of housing typologies and exploration of housing form features in different political periods. Findings: The study identifies urban formal housing typologies in Tirana detached houses, apartments, mass housing, social housing, gated communities, informal detached houses and housing with in/formal additions. Originality/value: This definitional approach can be used to define housing typologies for cities featured by heterogeneous urban context.
