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Yayın Aeolian imprints of multiple Mediterranean invasions of the Black Sea during Pleistocene(Elsevier B.V., 2022-03-04) Erginal, Ahmet Evren; Güneç Kıyak, Nafiye; Makaroğlu, Özlem; Bozcu, Mustafa; Öztürk, Muhammed Zeynel; Selim, Haluk Hamit; Nowacyzk, Norbert R.; Kaya, Nurcan; Öztürk, Tuğba; Karabıyıkoğlu, Mustafa; Polymeris, Georgios S.Climate changes determined the repeated connections between the Black Sea, Caspian Sea and Mediterranean Sea. The landlocked anoxic Black Sea basin was exposed to several transgressions throughout Quaternary by the Mediterranean Sea through the Straits of Istanbul (Bosphorus) and by the Caspian Sea through the Manych-Kerch spillway. Sedimentological records of these connections are limited mostly to the marine terrace deposits of Marine Isotope Stage (MIS) 5e while the pre-MIS 5e period remains uncertain due to a lack of robust facies and chronological data from deep-sea sedimentary sequences. Here we discuss the imprints of multiple Mediterranean transgressions during Middle Pleistocene in the Black Sea based on facies analysis and the optical age of coastal carbonate aeolianites. Contrary to today's hydro-climate of the Black Sea, the aeolianites bear witness to the transformation of the Black Sea into a warm inland sea during successive Mediterranean invasions. Prior to the onset of aeolian deposition, paleosols were formed on the Eocene-aged hardened sandy silts, suggesting strongly washed soil. This is evidenced by no calcium carbonate and a high Rb/Sr ratio, with quartz amounting to of 99.8%. According to our OSL ages, carbonates deposited on the shelf plain under higher temperature and increased evaporation conditions in MIS 15 and the later interglacial phases were transported to the coastal sand dunes during the transitional phases of MIS 15–14, MIS 13–12, MIS 11–10 and MIS 9–8. We suggest that the carbonate-rich and ooid-containing aeolianites were repeatedly formed in the multiple Mediterranean transgression stages, beginning with an increasingly severe dry phase following the Brunhes-Matuyama magnetic reversal.Yayın How does multi-level governance create capacity to address refugee needs, and with what limitations? an analysis of municipal responses to Syrian refugees in Istanbul(Oxford University Press, 2022-03) Karakaya Polat, Rabia; Lowndes, VivienA multi-level governance (MLG) framework is used to investigate how municipalities in Turkey have coped with the arrival of 3.6 million Syrians amid limited resources, an ambiguous legal framework, and changing national policy priorities. Qualitative research in Istanbul, which hosts the largest number of refugees, shows how municipalities have generated capacity by working with actors at other governance levels and in non-governmental spaces, via formal and informal networks. MLG arrangements did not however imply the retreat of a powerful central state. Rather, they were decisively influenced by existing power relations and governing traditions, specifically a strong state, weak local government, and mistrust of civil society. The research illuminates the complex, and sometimes surprising, relationships between tiers and spheres of governance in shaping local responses to refugee needs. The research demonstrates the explanatory power of MLG in a highly centralized unitary state, outside of the democratic (and mostly federal) contexts where it is usually applied.Yayın Debating voter defection in Turkey(Routledge, 2023-10-20) Balta, Evren; Demiralp, Seda; Demiralp, SelvaThis study examines patterns of voter defection from Turkey’s incumbent AKP amid major economic and democratic decline. As in other electoral autocracies, defectors constitute a small but politically significant group in Turkey, where the opposition’s ability to secure a transition from authoritarianism depends on reducing the incumbent’s vote share. Based on survey data gathered in November 2021 and February 2022, we find that while the high level of partizanship among AKP voters hinders defection, persistent economic and democratic decline still reduces incumbent support. We also found that defections are higher outside of the lowest income group. Our findings have important implications for opposition strategies in electoral autocracies. Directing public debate away from identity issues to economic and democratic problems increases the likelihood of defection. In addition, offering voters clear superior alternatives decreases the cost of uncertainty that comes with change and increases the likelihood of defection.
