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Yayın Machine learning for adaptive modulation in medical body sensor networks using visible light communication(Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers Inc., 2024) Rizi, Reza Bayat; Forouzan, Amir Reza; Miramirkhani, Farshad; Sabahi, Mohamad FarzanIn the context of medical body sensor networks that rely on visible light communication (VLC), adaptive modulation plays a crucial role. Despite VLC's advantages, challenges arise due to fluctuating signal strength caused by patient movement. To address this, we propose an adaptive modulation system that adjusts based on link conditions, specifically the signal-to-noise ratio (SNR). Our approach involves an uplink channel for feedback, allowing the receiver to select the appropriate modulation scheme based on measured SNR after noise mitigation. The analysis focuses on various medical situations and investigates machine learning algorithms. The study compares adaptive modulation based on supervised learning with that based on reinforcement learning. By implementing a bi-directional system with real-time modulation tracking, we demonstrate the effectiveness of adaptive VLC in handling environmental changes (interference and noise). Notably, the use of the Q-learning algorithm enables real-time adaptation without prior knowledge of the environment. Our simulation results show that photodetectors placed on the shoulder and wrist benefit significantly from this approach, experiencing improved performance.Yayın Machine learning-driven adaptive modulation for VLC-enabled medical body sensor networks(Iran University of Science and Technology, 2024-12) Rizi, Reza Bayat; Forouzan, Amir R.; Miramirkhani, Farshad; Sabahi, Mohamad F.Visible Light Communication, a key optical wireless technology, offers reliable, high-bandwidth, and secure communication, making it a promising solution for a variety of applications. Despite its many advantages, optical wireless communication faces challenges in medical environments due to fluctuating signal strength caused by patient movement. Smart transmitter structures can improve system performance by adjusting system parameters to the fluctuating channel conditions. The purpose of this research is to examine how adaptive modulation performs in a medical body sensor network system that uses visible light communication. The analysis focuses on various medical situations and investigates machine learning algorithms. The study compares adaptive modulation based on supervised learning with that based on reinforcement learning. The findings indicate that both approaches greatly improve spectral efficiency, emphasizing the significance of implementing link adaptation in visible light communication-based medical body sensor networks. The use of the Q-learning algorithm in adaptive modulation enables real-time training and enables the system to adjust to the changing environment without any prior knowledge about the environment. A remarkable improvement is observed for photodetectors on the shoulder and wrist since they experience more DC gain.Yayın Intelligent health monitoring in 6G networks: machine learning-enhanced VLC-based medical body sensor networks(MDPI, 2025-04-30) Antaki, Bilal; Dalloul, Ahmed Hany; Miramirkhani, FarshadRecent advances in Artificial Intelligence (AI)-driven wireless communication demand innovative Sixth Generation (6G) solutions, particularly in hospitals where reliability and secure communication are crucial. Visible Light Communication (VLC) leverages existing lighting systems to deliver high data rates while mitigating electromagnetic interference. However, VLC systems in medical settings face fluctuating signal strength and dynamic channel conditions due to patient movement, necessitating advanced optimization techniques. This paper employs a site-specific ray tracing technique in Medical Body Sensor Networks (MBSNs) channel modeling within hospital scenarios to derive channel impulse responses (CIRs) and model path loss (PL) and Root Mean Square (RMS) delay spread in two distinct hospital settings. In the first section, we evaluate Machine Learning (ML)-based adaptive modulation in VLC-enabled MBSNs and introduce a Q-learning technique enabling real-time adaptation without prior environmental knowledge. In the second section, we propose a Long Short Term Memory (LSTM) based approach to estimate PL and RMS delay spread in dynamic hospital environments. The Q-learning method consistently achieved the target symbol error rate (SER), though spectral efficiency (SE) was sometimes lower than optimal due to quantization limits and a cautious approach near the SER threshold. For LSTM-based channel estimation algorithm, simulation studies show that in the Intensive Care Unit (ICU) ward scenario, D1 has the highest Root Mean Squared Error (RMSE) for estimated path loss (1.6797 dB) and RMS delay spread (1.0567 ns), whereas in the Family-Type Patient Rooms (FTPR) scenario, D3 exhibits the highest RMSE for estimated path loss (1.0652 dB) and RMS delay spread (0.7657 ns).Yayın Intelligent health monitoring in 6G networks: machine learning-enhanced VLC-based medical body sensor networks(Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute (MDPI), 2025-05-23) Antaki, Bilal; Dalloul, Ahmed Hany; Miramirkhani, FarshadRecent advances in Artificial Intelligence (AI)-driven wireless communication are driving the adoption of Sixth Generation (6G) technologies in crucial environments such as hospitals. Visible Light Communication (VLC) leverages existing lighting infrastructure to deliver high data rates while mitigating electromagnetic interference (EMI); however, patient movement induces fluctuating signal strength and dynamic channel conditions. In this paper, we present a novel integration of site-specific ray tracing and machine learning (ML) for VLC-enabled Medical Body Sensor Networks (MBSNs) channel modeling in distinct hospital settings. First, we introduce a Q-learning-based adaptive modulation scheme that meets target symbol error rates (SERs) in real time without prior environmental information. Second, we develop a Long Short-Term Memory (LSTM)-based estimator for path loss and Root Mean Square (RMS) delay spread under dynamic hospital conditions. To our knowledge, this is the first study combining ray-traced channel impulse response modeling (CIR) with ML techniques in hospital scenarios. The simulation results demonstrate that the Q-learning method consistently achieves SERs with a spectral efficiency (SE) lower than optimal near the threshold. Furthermore, LSTM estimation shows that D1 has the highest Root Mean Square Error (RMSE) for path loss (1.6797 dB) and RMS delay spread (1.0567 ns) in the Intensive Care Unit (ICU) ward, whereas D3 exhibits the highest RMSE for path loss (1.0652 dB) and RMS delay spread (0.7657 ns) in the Family-Type Patient Rooms (FTPRs) scenario, demonstrating high estimation accuracy under realistic conditions.Yayın Intelligent health monitoring in 6G networks: machine learning-enhanced VLC-based medical body sensor networks(Işık Üniversitesi, Lisansüstü Eğitim Enstitüsü, 2025-09-01) Antaki, Bilal; Miramirkhani, Farshad; Işık Üniversitesi, Lisansüstü Eğitim Enstitüsü, Elektrik Mühendisliği Yüksek Lisans Programı; Işık University, School of Graduate Studies, Electrical Engineering M.S. ProgramYapay Zeka (YZ) destekli kablosuz haberleşmedeki son gelişmeler, elektromanyetik girişim kaygıları nedeniyle geleneksel Radyo Frekansı (RF) sistemlerinin kısıtlamalarla karşılaştığı hastaneler gibi kritik ortamlarda Altıncı Nesil (6G) teknolojilerinin benimsenmesini hızlandırmaktadır. Mevcut LED tabanlı aydınlatma altyapısını kullanan Görünür Işık Haberleşmesi (VLC), yüksek hızlı veri iletimi ve azaltılmış elektromanyetik girişim (EMI) gibi ikili avantaj sunmaktadır. Ancak, klinik ortamlardaki hasta hareketleri sinyal alımında önemli değişkenliğe neden olmakta ve kanal özelliklerini dinamik olarak değiştirmektedir. Bu araştırma, farklı hastane senaryolarında VLC tabanlı Medikal Vücut Sensör Ağları (MBSN) kanallarını modellemek için ortama özgü ışın izleme ile Makine Öğrenmesi (ML) tekniklerini birleştiren yenilikçi bir metodoloji sunmaktadır. İlk katkı, önceden çevresel veriye ihtiyaç duymadan gerçek zamanlı olarak hedef sembol hata oranlarını (SER) koruyabilen Q-öğrenme güdümlü uyarlanabilir modülasyon algoritmasının uygulanmasını içermektedir. İkinci bileşen, değişken hastane koşullarında yol kaybı ve Kök Ortalama Kare (RMS) gecikme yayılımını tahmin etmek için bir Uzun Kısa Süreli Bellek (LSTM) modeli tasarlamayı kapsamaktadır. Üçüncü katkı, doğru hasta konumlandırması için altı farklı algoritmayı—Doğrusal Regresyon, Destek Vektör Regresyonu, K-En Yakın Komşu, Çok Katmanlı Algılayıcı (MLP), LSTM ve Geçitli Tekrarlayan Birimler—değerlendiren kapsamlı bir ML tabanlı konum tahmin çerçevesi sunmaktadır. Bugüne kadar, bu çalışma tıbbi ortamlarda ışın izlemeli Kanal Darbe Yanıtı (CIR) modellemesini ML güdümlü analizle birleştiren ilk çalışma olarak görünmektedir. Simülasyon bulguları, Q-öğrenme modelinin güvenilir bir şekilde SER hedeflerini karşıladığını ve spektral verimliliğin (SE) eşik seviyesine yakın koşullarda optimale yakın performans gösterdiğini ortaya koymaktadır. Ayrıca, LSTM tabanlı tahminler, Yoğun Bakım Ünitesi (YBÜ) senaryosunda D1 konumundaki sensörün hem yol kaybı (1.6797 dB) hem de RMS gecikme yayılımı (1.0567 ns) için en büyük Kök Ortalama Kare Hatasını (RMSE) ürettiğini göstermektedir. Buna karşılık, Aile Tipi Hasta Odasında (ATHO) D3 sensörü, yol kaybında (1.0652 dB) ve gecikme yayılımında (0.7657 ns) en yüksek RMSE değerlerini vermekte ve gerçekçi çalışma koşullarında güçlü tahmin performansını doğrulamaktadır. Konum tahmini için MLP, optimal mimari olarak öne çıkmakta, ATHO'da birleşik D1D2-D3 sensör konfigürasyonları için 58.6 cm'lik metre altı doğruluk elde etmekte, bireysel sensörler 63.5 cm (D1), 75.0 cm (D2) ve 73.1 cm (D3) değerleri vermekte, daha karmaşık YBÜ ortamında ise MLP, D1-D2-D3 için 217.1 cm'lik klinik olarak kabul edilebilir hassasiyeti korumakta, eşleştirilmiş konfigürasyonlar 202.1 cm (D1-D2) ve 216.3 cm (D1-D3) elde etmekte, tüm bunları sıralı modellere kıyasla %35-48 hesaplama gereksinimi azaltması ve %37-89 daha hızlı hiperparametre optimizasyonu ile sunarak sağlık tesislerinde gerçek zamanlı hasta takibi için en pratik çözüm olmaktadır.
