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Yayın Relations of 1994 and 2000 crises and their effects in Turkish capital markets(Işık Üniversitesi, 2002) Soykut Sarıca, Yeşim Pınar; Dew, James Kurt; Işık Üniversitesi, Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü, Yöneticiler İçin İşletme Yönetimi Yüksek Lisans ProgramıTurkey, one of the most rapidly growing emerging market, is a heaven for investors with young population, dynamic private sector, and liberalised financial markets. In this respect, the question of "Why does the Turkish economy always face with either a crisis or a program for guiding her out of a crisis?", comes to minds. In the analysis period of this research, the Turkish economy has experienced with two major crisis in 1994 and 2000, which are called as "balance of payment crisis". In the period, before 1994 crisis had happened, although the tight monetary and fiscal policies were supposed to be implemented, neither of them were successfully executed. In the final crisis, Turkey launched a comprehensive and consistent disinflation program at the beginning of 2000 in order to stabilise the economy, which resulted as the abondenment of the crawling peg exchange rate regime- the anchor of the International Monetary Fund (IMF)- drawn back the economic reform program, brought instant and massive market devaluation, souring inflation, and tumbling financial markets. Today, Turkish government aim is to keep the window of Turkey open to all investors and widen it enough to ensure that the government meets its borrowing requirements, banks make profit in subsidising the government while the rest of the economy continues to function with reasonable rates on loans and attractive interest on deposits in order to proper functioning of the economy. This research makes a brief survey on the relationship between financial system, particularly in capital markets and economic crisis, in order to give a general background for the role of capital market in the case of Turkey by taking main macroeconomic indicators as the leading variables and their effects on ISE as the coincidental. In the first part of the research, the emerging history of Turkish Republic is viewed for making clear the path, which Turkey followed as a developing country. In addition, the development of financial markets in Turkey is historically reviewed. After this introductory information, the effects of the deregulation and industrialisation are discussed. The discussion reflects the impacts of liberalisation upon the Turkish economy and financial markets. In the second part of this research, 1994 crisis is explained, the most severe crisis ever lived in Turkey of all times. This part continues with the chronology of the 1994 crisis and is followed by economic indicators in terms of results of the economic crisis. In the third part of this research, Turkey's problems remained the same including the high inflation rate. Turkish economy was launched a comprehensive and consistent disinflation program again. This part is followed by January 2000 and February 2001 crisis, which became as the most severe and destructive crisis ever lived in Republic of Turkey's history, worse than 1994 crisis, and resulted as another burden on Turkish economy. In the fourth part of this research, Turkish Capital Markets' development is reviewed particularly and ISE is considered for the assessment of the role of the development of Turkish Capital Markets. Current part is followed by the condition of ISE during the period 1994 through 2000, including movements in the size and the volume of market with major events of daily market environment. In the last part of this research, both crises are examined by using the financial instruments' returns in comparison with the ISE, the most efficient capital market of Turkey. Interest rates, T-Bill, foreign exchange market, money supply, and industrial production monthly returns are considered for plotting the analysis successfully on the ISE. In addition, for determining the relation between the ISE and other variables one-by-one, each of these returns are graphed. According to the results of graphs, the relation between 1994 and 2000 crises are brought into open and the reasons for 2000 crisis' getting longer than 1994 crisis are tried to be achieved. Relevant data and information have been obtained from several books and public sources such as company document press releases' annual reports, governments' statistics, databases, especially Proquest, and finally state's official web-sites and organisations' web-sites for periodic data which has been cross checked and correlated with statistics issued by the several organisations. Finally, it should be noted that, the capital markets is the most important arm of financial sector for Turkey. The future of capital markets in Turkey are highly interrelated with the stabilisation and the development in the entire economy. A better comprehension of the economic development and stabilisation package after the crisis helped public to understand the vital importance of entire capital markets.Yayın Failure of an exchange-rate-based stabilization plan in Turkey(M E Sharpe, 2003-02) Gökkent, Giyas; Moslares, Carlos; Amiel-Saenz, RafaelThe Turkish exchange-rate-based stabilization plan adopted in 2000 has been a spectacular failure, lasting a mere fourteen months despite a relatively flexible peg regime and preannounced exit strategy. The final three months of the currency regime were marred by the eruption of a banking sector crisis that quickly developed into a currency crisis, quelled only by external loans and a blanket guarantee by the sovereign of all banking sector liabilities. This was ultimately to no avail as the lira was allowed to float following a full-fledged currency crisis in late February 2001. The usual indicators of crisis did not point to imminent turmoil in November 2000 despite widespread concern about eventual dire developments. To identify the source of the November crisis, one must weigh the factors that led economic agents, and banks in particular, to expect higher interest rates after the fall.Yayın Improvement of credit evaluation process in commercial banking(Işık Üniversitesi, 2018-01-16) Akoğlu, Çağrı; Aksezer, Sezgin Çağlar; Işık Üniversitesi, Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü, Endüstri Mühendisliği - Yöneylem Araştırması Yüksek Lisans ProgramıLoans constitute the largest sources of revenue in banking industry thus effecting the Turkish economical environment extensively. Credits in the banking sector can be categorized as corporate, medium and large scale, and individual loans. Commercial loans constitute a high importance within the total loans granted as the economical size and risks are extreme. Importance of these loans can also be highlighted by the political role they play. Volatility and risk factors affecting the interest rates have direct effect on real sector as well. As a result, evaluation of such credits is a major task for the banks that involves objective and subjective criteria. A typical evaluation process of loans, provided to the real sector, is carried out by educated and experienced human resources with high subjectivity depending on the personnel and daily macroeconomic conditions. This study aims to reduce the economic losses and variability that banks are facing in credit evaluation processes. We propose a decision making and support mechanism by using the Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA) methodology with an effective operations management perspective. At this point, our goal is to systematize the process which is controlled by credit analyst thus minimizing the subjectivity in credit decisions. This mechanism will also help us in the identification of the weaknesses of underperforming credit applicants.Yayın Performance analysis in Turkish banking sector. Camels application(Işık Üniversitesi, 2020-01-15) Koç, Caner; Teker, Dilek; Işık Üniversitesi, Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü, Yöneticiler İçin İşletme Yönetimi Yüksek Lisans ProgramıAfter funds suppliers and funds demanders Banks are 3rd actors in the financial system. The banking sector accounts for most financial intermediaries. Fund transfer, Money supply, economic and financial policies support is some of the main activities. In addition to all its duties within the financial system, it also makes a huge contribution to the employment of the country as a sector. Thus, it has importance and responsibility for all kinds of structures in households, from small to medium-sized enterprises, commercial and corporate companies, to public institutions. All structures will be affected in case of possible crisis that banks will experience. These effects lead to many crises in the country, especially the economic crisis, and may result in serious chaos environments. In order not to experience these situations, the banking sector must be under audit and observation. One of the most important actions to be taken for this audit and observation is the regular measurement of financial performance analysis of banks. CAMELS analysis is a globally accepted system for this performance analysis. Camels analysis measures banks with components of capital adequacy, asset quality, management quality, profitability, liquidity and sensitivity to market risks. In this study, a total of 16 banks, 2 separate bank groups operating in the Turkish banking sector, 13 of which are private capital banks, 3 of which are Public Banks, were subjected to CAMELS analysis for 16 separate periods taking into account the balance sheets at the end of 2003 and 2018. According to the results of the study, among the banks, Türkiye Cumhuriyeti Ziraat Bankası A.Ş., Akbank T.A.Ş. ve Türkiye Garanti Bankası A.Ş. among the groups, it was observed that the group of Public Banks had stronger performance than other banks and groups.Yayın 2008 krizi öncesi ve sonrasının Türk bankacılık sektörü üzerindeki etkisi(Işık Üniversitesi, 2018-08-03) Ermiş, Hasanali; Teker, Suat; Işık Üniversitesi, Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü, Muhasebe ve Denetim Yüksek Lisans Programı2008 krizi, ABD’de ortaya çıkan ve sonrasında tüm dünyaya yayılan, dünya tarihindeki en büyük krizlerden birisidir. Krizin etkilerini yoğun biçimde gösterdiği sektörlerden birisi de bankacılık sektörüdür. 2008 krizinin öncesinde ve sonrasında Türkiye’deki bankaların performanslarının karşılaştırılması, çalışmanın temel amacı olarak belirlenmiştir. Bu amacın gerçekleşmesi için literatür taraması yöntemi kullanılmıştır. Çalışmada 2008 krizi öncesi ve sonrasında Türk bankacılık sektöründe sermaye yeterlik oranı, kârlılık, özkaynak kârlılığı, aktif kârlılık, net faiz marjı, sorunlu kredi oranları, mevduatların krediye dönüşme oranı göstergeleri, donuk aktif göstergeleri değerlendirmeye alınmıştır. Elde edilen sonuçlara göre kriz kârlılık, aktif kârlılık, özkaynak kârlılığı göstergelerinde düzeyleri değişecek şekilde olumsuz etkiler ortaya koymuştur. 2008 krizinin Türk bankacılık sektöründe sorunlu kredilere olan etkilerinin farklılık meydana getirmeyecek yapıda olduğu görülmüştür. Çalışmada ayrıca donuk aktif ortalamaları ile net faiz marjı göstergelerinin krizle birlikte artış gösterdiği yönünde sonuçlar elde edilmiştir.2001 krizi sonrasında yeniden yapılanan ve nispeten güçlenen Türk bankacılık sektörünün krizin olumsuz etkilerine karşın belirli ölçüde istikrar yakalayarak etkilerin düzeyini azalttığı sonucuna varılmıştır.Yayın Readiness and mindset for IT offshoring: Insights from banking and insurance organizations(2009-07-13) Aydın, Mehmet Nafiz; de Groot, Jeroen; Van Hillegersberg, JosIn this research we examine the IT offshore outsourcing (offshoring) practice of a number of leading finance and insurance organizations in the Netherlands. In particular, we investigate the readiness (the state, condition or quality of being ready) and mindset (habits, opinions which affect a person's attitudes) of the organizations for IT offshoring. We examine IT offshoring practice from the process perspective (that is, the dynamics of IT offshoring projects in terms of culture, method use, IT activities, IT governance, knowledge sharing). Among other findings, this research shows that to a greater extent the organizations have realized readiness for method use and mindset for IT activities, and that the overall improvements regarding these aspects have been modest in a two-year period. On the other hand, mindset for dealing with cultural difference has increased while readiness for flexible working, tracking of requirements change, efficient division of work, and systematic communication is still inadequate. Theoretical and practical implications of the findings are further discussed.Yayın How do mobile technologies affect work and private lives? The case of Turkish banking professionals(IEEE, 2014-07-27) Yıldırım, Nihan; Ansal, HacerMobile technologies (MTs) became important part of infrastructure in service industries. The impacts of MT usage in work are shown to be significant; improving the productivity, responsiveness, effectiveness and flexibility of companies, while reshaping the work place organization and making employees accessible on a 7/24 basis. However, there are great differences in terms of the types and levels of these impacts on organizations and individuals as the industry, region/country changes. Moreover, not much is known about the effects of MTs in developing countries like Turkey where there is a rapidly increasing mobile penetration (mobile phone and internet subscription rates) which is a critical infrastructure component of mobile working.Turkey has quite an advanced banking industry that has went through serious industrial restructuring. Banking industry has always been among the early adapters and first users of new information and communication technologies, as well as first appliers of new organizational development and human resource management techniques. In the last few years, mobile technologies has become key technologies for banks and accordingly, the usage of mobile devices by banking professionals for work purposes increased. As happened in other new information technologies and human resources systems, experiences of banking industry in mobile technology usage at work-place can provide best practices or lessons for practitioners form other industries.This study tries to provide insights on the perceptions of employees in the Turkish banking industry, about the impact of these technologies on their work practices and on their private lives. A structured survey is carried out with 107 white collar professionals from 5 major retail banks in Turkey. By conducting Factors Analysis and correlation analysis, 8 main factors are identified that represents the impacts of MT usage for work purposes and their interrelations with eachother and demographic factors are explored.Findings reveal that intensity of mobile device usage is still not high in banking industry. Employees perceive the positive impacts of mobile working on information and knowledge supply chain, time management of their organization,. Time management is one of the issues occurred due to mobile working. Attention and focus on meetings and interviews seems to be challenged due to parallel usage of mobile devices in meetings. There are correlations between feeling "Control, pressure, demand for responsiveness and workload" and intensity of mobile device usage and continous accessibility. Similarly, improvements in information and knowledge/flow and meeting organizations are correlated to the impacts of mobile working on productivity, quality and work-life balance. Research showed that the perceptions of employess about the implications of mobile work on "productivity, effectiveness and work-life balance" and "Attention and Focus on Group work like Meetings and Interviews" vary by gender, and on "Multitasking and work-shifting" vary by age. Education level also affects the perception on "Productivity, effectiveness and work-life balance". Hence the policy makers and managers and they also must consider the demographics of the employees when designing and implementing systems about mobile working in banking industry.Yayın Impact of COVID-19 on people-processing vs. information-processing services: case of food service and banking industries(Springer Nature, 2021) Gül, Mısra Çağla; Kaytaz, MehmetAlthough COVID-19 pandemic is a health crisis, it has and will continue to have serious repercussions on business activities and the global economy, as well as a strong societal impact. This chapter focuses on comparing and contrasting the banking services sector and the food service industry in Turkey in relation to how these industries were impacted by and responded to the crisis caused by COVID-19 pandemic. Banking services are information-processing services and the food service business for the most part is people-processing. The distinction is that informationprocessing services can be provided both face-to-face in a high-contact fashion, and online/through the phone in an untact fashion. People-processing services, however, are mostly high-contact services where the person receiving the service must be present when the service is provided (Lovelock in Journal of Marketing 47: 9–20, 1983). Naturally, this distinction creates a difference in the response of these two different types of services to the COVID-19 crisis. This chapter analyzes the economic and social developments during the COVID-19 outbreak in Turkey along with current and expected future action steps by the government and NGOs. Findings suggest that innovative products, market-linking capabilities and investment in digitalization and trust building activities are effective in dealing with the new normal.
