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Yayın Economic impacts of increased U.S. exports of natural gas: An energy system perspective(MDPI AG, 2016-05-25) Sarıca, Kemal; Tyner, Wallace E.With the recent shale gas boom, the U.S. is expected to have very large natural gas resources. In this respect, the key question is would it be better to rely completely on free market resource allocations which would lead to large exports of natural gas or to limit natural gas exports so that more could be used in the U.S.. After accounting for the cost of liquefying the natural gas and shipping it to foreign markets, the current price difference leaves room for considerable profit to producers from exports. In addition, there is a large domestic demand for natural gas from various sectors such as electricity generation, industrial applications, and the transportation sector etc. A hybrid modeling approach has been carried out using our version of the well-known MARket ALlocation (MARKAL)-Macro model to keep bottom-up model richness with macro effects to incorporate price and gross domestic product (GDP) feedbacks. One of the conclusion of this study is that permitting higher natural gas export levels leads to a small reduction in GDP (0.04%-0.17%). Higher exports also increases U.S. greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions and electricity prices (1.1%-7.2%). We also evaluate the impacts of natural gas exports in the presence of a Clean Energy Standard (CES) for electricity. In this case, the GDP impacts are similar, but the electricity and transport sector impacts are different.Yayın Free software, business capital, and institutional change: a veblenian analysis of the software industry(M. E. Sharpe Inc, 2012-12) Koloğlugil, Serhat; Koloğlugil, SerhatFree software, unlike proprietary software under exclusive copyright control, exemplifies a form of productive and innovative activity that is based upon mutual sharing of technological knowledge. Free software engineers, who get connected through various software-development projects, voluntarily contribute their time and skills to produce computer programs which, they insist, should be free for anyone to use, modify, and distribute. This paper argues that Thorstein Veblen's socio-economic theory - in particular his conceptions of capital, technological knowledge and institutional change - offers a fruitful framework to analyze the emergence of free software as an economic and social phenomenon. From the Veblenian perspective, the free software movement argues that the technological knowledge in the software industry should freely be available to society as a part of its common stock of knowledge. In other words, they are against the use of copyright law as a predatory strategy by software corporations, while the current technological conditions in the software industry allow for an institutional arrangement of production and innovation based on cooperative habits of thought.
