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Yayın Derin öznitelikler ile anlambilimsel görüntü bölütleme(Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers Inc., 2018-07-05) Sünetci, Sercan; Ateş, Hasan FehmiDerin evrişimsel sinir ağları (ESA) pek çok sınıflandırma probleminde olduğu gibi anlambilimsel görüntü bölütlemede de çok ciddi başarı göstermiştir. Fakat derin ağların eğitilmesi hem zaman alıcıdır hem de geniş bir eğitim veri kümesine ihtiyaç duymaktadır. Bir veri kümesinde eğitilen ağın başka bir görev ya da veri kümesine uygulanabilmesi için transfer öğrenme ile yeniden eğitilmesi gerekmektedir. Transfer öğrenmeye alternatif olarak ağ katmanlarından çıkarılan öznitelik vektörleri doğrudan sınıflandırma amaçlı kullanılabilir. Bu bildiride genel ESA mimarilerinden elde edilen özniteliklerin eğitim gerektirmeyen bir görüntü etiketleme yönteminde kullanılmasının sınıflandırma başarımına katkısı incelenmiştir. Derin ağlarda ‘öğrenilmiş’ öznitelikler ile SIFT gibi ‘el yapımı’ özniteliklerin birlikte kullanılmasının etiketleme doğruluğunu artırdığı gösterilmiştir. Varolan ön eğitimli ağların kullanılması sayesinde önerilen yaklaşım herhangi bir veri kümesinde yeniden eğitime gerek olmadan kolayca uygulanabilmektedir. Önerilen yöntem iki veri kümesinde test edilmiş ve etiketleme doğruluğu benzer yöntemlerle karşılaştırmalı olarak sunulmuştur.Yayın Convolutional attention network for MRI-based Alzheimer's disease classification and its interpretability analysis(IEEE, 2021-09-17) Türkan, Yasemin; Tek, Faik BorayNeuroimaging techniques, such as Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) and Positron Emission Tomography (PET), help to identify Alzheimer's disease (AD). These techniques generate large-scale, high-dimensional, multimodal neuroimaging data, which is time-consuming and difficult to interpret and classify. Therefore, interest in deep learning approaches for the classification of 3D structural MRI brain scans has grown rapidly. In this research study, we improved the 3D VGG model proposed by Korolev et al. [2]. We increased the filters in the 3D convolutional layers and then added an attention mechanism for better classification. We compared the performance of the proposed approaches for the classification of Alzheimer's disease versus mild cognitive impairments and normal cohorts on the Alzheimer's Disease Neuroimaging Initiative (ADNI) dataset. We observed that both the accuracy and area under curve results improved with the proposed models. However, deep neural networks are black boxes that produce predictions that require further explanation for medical usage. We compared the 3D-data interpretation capabilities of the proposed models using four different interpretability methods: Occlusion, 3D Ultrametric Contour Map, 3D Gradient-Weighted Class Activation Mapping, and SHapley Additive explanations (SHAP). We observed that explanation results differed in different network models and data classes.Yayın Uyarlanır yerel bağlı katman kullanan dikkat tabanlı derin ağ ile sesli komut tanıma(Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers Inc., 2020-10-05) Turkan, Yasemin; Tek, Faik BoraySesli komut tanıma insan-makine ara yüzüyle ilişkili aktif bir araştırma konusudur. Dikkat tabanlı derin ağlar ile bu tür problemler başarılı bir şekilde çözülebilmektedir. Bu çalışmada, var olan bir dikkat tabanlı derin ağ yöntemi, uyarlanır yerel bağlı (odaklanan) katman kullanılarak daha da geliştirilmiştir. Orijinal yönteminde sınandığı Google ve Kaggle sesli komut veri setlerinde karşılaştırmalı olarak yapılan deneylerde önerdiğimiz uyarlanır yerel bağlı katman kullanan dikkat tabanlı ağın tanıma doğruluğunu %2.6 oranında iyileştirdiği gözlemledik.Yayın Convolutional neural network (CNN) algorithm based facial emotion recognition (FER) system for FER-2013 dataset(IEEE, 2022-11-18) Ezerceli, Özay; Eskil, Mustafa TanerFacial expression recognition (FER) is the key to understanding human emotions and feelings. It is an active area of research since human thoughts can be collected, processed, and used in customer satisfaction, politics, and medical domains. Automated FER systems had been developed and have been used to recognize humans’ emotions but it has been a quite challenging problem in machine learning due to the high intra-class variation. The first models were using known methods such as Support Vector Machines (SVM), Bayes classifier, Fuzzy Techniques, Feature Selection, Artificial Neural Networks (ANN) in their models but still, some limitations affect the accuracy critically such as subjectivity, occlusion, pose, low resolution, scale, illumination variation, etc. The ability of CNN boosts FER accuracy. Deep learning algorithms have emerged as the greatest way to produce the best results in FER in recent years. Various datasets were used to train, test, and validate the models. FER2013, CK+, JAFFE and FERG are some of the most popular datasets. To improve the accuracy of FER models, one dataset or a mix of datasets has been employed. Every dataset includes limitations and issues that have an impact on the model that is trained for it. As a solution to this problem, our state-of-the-art model based on deep learning architectures, particularly convolutional neural network architectures (CNN) with supportive techniques has been implemented. The proposed model achieved 93.7% accuracy with the combination of FER2013 and CK+ datasets for FER2013.Yayın Unreasonable effectiveness of last hidden layer activations for adversarial robustness(Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers Inc., 2022) Tuna, Ömer Faruk; Çatak, Ferhat Özgür; Eskil, Mustafa TanerIn standard Deep Neural Network (DNN) based classifiers, the general convention is to omit the activation function in the last (output) layer and directly apply the softmax function on the logits to get the probability scores of each class. In this type of architectures, the loss value of the classifier against any output class is directly proportional to the difference between the final probability score and the label value of the associated class. Standard White-box adversarial evasion attacks, whether targeted or untargeted, mainly try to exploit the gradient of the model loss function to craft adversarial samples and fool the model. In this study, we show both mathematically and experimentally that using some widely known activation functions in the output layer of the model with high temperature values has the effect of zeroing out the gradients for both targeted and untargeted attack cases, preventing attackers from exploiting the model's loss function to craft adversarial samples. We've experimentally verified the efficacy of our approach on MNIST (Digit), CIFAR10 datasets. Detailed experiments confirmed that our approach substantially improves robustness against gradient-based targeted and untargeted attack threats. And, we showed that the increased non-linearity at the output layer has some ad-ditional benefits against some other attack methods like Deepfool attack.
