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Yayın The limits of R&D internationalization and the importance of local initiatives: Turkey as a critical case(Pergamon-Elsevier Science Ltd, 2011-08) Karabağ, Solmaz Filiz; Tuncay Çelikel, Aslı; Berggren, ChristianThe growth of R&D in East Asia has triggered the notion of a new innovation geography, where R&D is no longer a privilege of the traditional OECD countries. What does this mean for mid-sized emerging economies, without the scale advantages and bargaining power of India or China? This paper uses Turkey as a case to examine the continual unevenness of international R&D investments. By analyzing opportunities and limitations for local initiatives in the telecommunications, pharmaceutical, and automotive industries the paper finds that active private capital, a sufficient scale of production, and focused public policies are needed to attract international R&D.Yayın Internationalisation of R&D into Emerging Markets: Fiat's R&D in Brazil, Turkey and India(Elsevier Sci Ltd, 2014-02) Athreye, Suma; Tuncay Çelikel, Aslı; Ujjual, VandanaThe idea that competence-creating subsidiaries from emerging nations can contribute to and possibly renew sources of competitive advantage is an appealing one for managerial practice and policy. Many mature MNEs can look to exploit the technological and market capabilities of their more capable subsidiaries in order to tap into new sources of growth. Based on a case study of Fiat and three of its emerging market R&D subsidiaries, we show that successfully developing competence-creating subsidiaries is a difficult task. Not only do parent and subsidiary managements have different ideas of what is involved, but subsidiary technological capability and local resources do not fully explain new technology creation mandates. The success of overall product market strategies and the mode of entry also exercise important effects. Furthermore, in our case study we find that internal embeddedness is more crucial than external embeddedness in distinguishing a successful new technology creation mandate.Yayın Understanding AI adoption at organizations: literature review of TOE framework(Suat Teker, 2025-07-30) Dönmez, Sena; Tuncay Çelikel, Aslı; Soykut Sarıca, Yeşim Pınar; Develi, Evrim İldemPurpose- In the contemporary business landscape, we are witnessing the rapid development of Artificial Intelligence (AI), which is fundamentally reshaping organizational practices. These developments mark what can be described as the "Era of AI", a significant milestone in technological history. While AI offers benefits, it also presents critical challenges, particularly concerning its adoption and the adaptation processes within organizations. Despite the swift evolution of AI technologies, research on their practical applications in organizational settings remains scarce and underdeveloped. This gap highlights a promising area for further exploration. In alignment with the literature, it can be argued that organizations with higher AI adoption rates tend to achieve better innovation outcomes, which suggests a need to revisit and potentially expand the Technology-Organization-Environment (TOE) paradigm. Originally developed to explain technological adoption/embracement, the TOE framework may not capture the complexities introduced by AI. This study aims to explore whether an expanded TOE paradigm is necessary to better address the contemporary dynamics of AI adoption. Methodology- This research investigates the historical development and consolidation of AI within organizations, using the TOE paradigm as a foundational theoretical look. The study examines whether the existing TOE model sufficiently explains AI adoption or whether it requires augmentation to remain relevant in the age of generative AI. Findings- Literature review findings indicate that the traditional TOE framework exhibits limitations when applied to AI adoption. To address these gaps, another study was found in the literature that proposes the inclusion of a human factor—transforming the TOE into a TOEH (Technology-Organization-Environment-Human) model. In our research we would like to integrate critical thinking (CT) skills under Human Factor, as organizations increasingly seek employees who can critically assess and effectively utilize outputs from generative AI (GenAI) tools. The ability to make intelligent and ethical decisions in the context of AI is now a vital competency. Conclusion- The proposed TOEH framework offers a more well-rounded approach to discovering AI adoption within organizations. By incorporating the human element, particularly critical thinking skills, organizations can better prepare to embrace AI in an ethical, effective, and innovative manner.
